Fig. 2.

Effects of an increased S1P turnover on FFA-mediated changes of the expression of enzymes of the sphingolipid pathway in insulin-secreting INS1E cells. INS1E-ctr, -SPL and SGPP1 cells were incubated in the absence or presence of PA or OA (each of 500 μM) for 24 h. Thereafter (A) RNA was isolated, cDNA was synthesized and real-time PCR was performed. Shown are MEANS ± SEM from n = 4–8 independent experiments, each condition was measured in triplicates. (B) protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting, shown are representative blots and densitometry analysis of protein expression normalized to β-actin of n = 4 individual experiments. ANOVA followed by Bonferroni, ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001 versus untreated, #P < 0.05 versus INS1E-ctr cells treated in the same way.