Table 1.
Patient characteristics (n = 2308).
| Group C (n = 1511) | Group M (n = 133) | Group K (n = 554) | Group MK (n = 110) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 69.0 (59.0–77.0)† | 68.0 (60.0–78.0)† | 73.5 (63.0–82.0)* | 75.0 (67.0–84.0)* | < 0.001 |
| Male sex | 951 (62.9) | 61 (45.9) | 316 (57.0) | 50 (45.5) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.5 (21.4–26.1)*† | 17.4 (16.7–18.0)† | 22.9 (21.1–25.3)* | 17.2 (16.5–17.8)† | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 123.0 (109.0–140.0)* | 111.0 (98.0–126.0)† | 125.5 (108.0–149.0)* | 121.5 (106.0–144.0)* | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 72.0 (62.0–87.0)*† | 76.0 (65.0–86.0)† | 86.0 (70.0–101.0)* | 85.0 (71.0–95.0)*† | < 0.001 |
| NYHA class 3 or 4, n (%) | 63 (4.2) | 5 (3.8) | 41 (7.4) | 16 (14.5) | < 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 589 (39.0) | 52 (39.1) | 215 (38.8) | 42 (38.2) | 0.998 |
| CAD, n (%) | 453 (30.0) | 23 (17.3) | 208 (37.5) | 27 (24.5) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 250 (16.5) | 26 (19.5) | 127 (23.0) | 21 (19.1) | 0.010 |
| COPD, n (%) | 386 (29.6) | 35 (30.7) | 113 (27.9) | 24 (27.9) | 0.888 |
| Malignant tumor, n (%) | 236 (15.9) | 29 (22.0) | 113 (20.5) | 31 (28.2) | 0.001 |
| RASIs, n (%) | 1087 (71.9) | 75 (56.4) | 387 (69.9) | 67 (60.9) | < 0.001 |
| Beta blockers, n (%) | 1093 (72.3) | 98 (73.7) | 393 (70.9) | 76 (69.1) | 0.793 |
| MRAs, n (%) | 563 (37.3) | 58 (43.6) | 236 (42.6) | 54 (49.1) | 0.014 |
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 923 (61.1) | 91 (68.4) | 423 (76.4) | 92 (83.6) | < 0.001 |
| Statins, n (%) | 652 (43.2) | 29 (21.8) | 180 (32.5) | 30 (27.3) | < 0.001 |
| Antihyperuricemic agents, n (%) | 365 (24.2) | 27 (20.3) | 108 (19.5) | 16 (14.5) | 0.022 |
| ICD or CRT, n (%) | 240 (15.9) | 26 (19.5) | 54 (9.7) | 8 (7.3) | < 0.001 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 179.6 (63.5–439.9)*† | 374.4 (100.3–595.8)† | 543.9 (225.3–1048.0)* | 598.6 (357.9–1097.1)*† | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.3 (12.0–14.7)*† | 12.7 (11.5–13.9)† | 11.3 (9.7–13.1)* | 10.5 (8.9–11.8)*† | < 0.001 |
| Lymphocytes, % | 24.0 (17.0–31.0)*† | 22.0 (15.0–30.0)† | 15.0 (9.0–21.0)* | 13.5 (9.0–20.0)*† | < 0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.0 (3.7–4.3)† | 3.9 (3.6–4.2)† | 3.0 (2.7–3.2)* | 2.9 (2.6–3.1)*† | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 60.3 (47.1–72.9)*† | 59.3 (44.1–79.8)† | 51.7 (35.5–68.5)* | 58.3 (37.4–75.7)*† | < 0.001 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 140.0 (138.0–142.0)*† | 139.0 (137.0–141.0)† | 139.0 (136.0–141.0)* | 138.0 (134.5–141.0)*† | < 0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 6.1 (5.1–7.4) | 6.1 (4.6–7.6) | 6.3 (4.8–8.0) | 5.7 (4.5–7.2) | 0.140 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 0.12 (0.05–0.38)*† | 0.10 (0.05–0.28)† | 1.54 (0.39–5.33)* | 1.11 (0.28–4.53)*† | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 182.0 (157.0–210.0)*† | 189.5 (167.0–211.0)† | 154.0 (128.5–181.5)* | 152.0 (127.0–189.0)*† | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.8 (5.5–6.3)* | 5.7 (5.3–6.1)† | 5.9 (5.4–6.5)* | 5.7 (5.3–6.2)† | < 0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 55.0 (40.4–64.2) | 57.0 (36.1–65.4) | 54.0 (39.2–62.6) | 56.5 (42.6–63.0) | 0.427 |
| Mean PAWP, mmHg§ | 12.0 (9.0–18.0)† | 11.0 (8.0–15.5)† | 15.0 (9.0–22.0)* | 12.0 (6.0–17.5)† | < 0.001 |
| Systolic PAP, mmHg§ | 32.0 (25.0–41.0)† | 29.0 (23.0–39.0)† | 34.0 (28.0–44.0)* | 34.0 (25.5–44.0) | 0.002 |
| Diastolic PAP, mmHg§ | 14.0 (10.0–20.0)† | 12.0 (8.0–16.0)† | 17.0 (12.0–23.0)* | 15.0 (9.5–20.0) | < 0.001 |
| Mean PAP, mmHg§ | 21.0 (16.0–28.0)† | 19.0 (15.0–26.0)† | 24.0 (18.0–31.0)* | 22.5 (16.0–29.0) | < 0.001 |
| Mean RAP, mmHg§ | 6.0 (4.0–9.0)*† | 5.0 (2.0–8.0)† | 8.0 (5.0–12.0)* | 5.0 (3.0–8.5)† | < 0.001 |
| Cardiac index, L/min/m2§ | 2.5 (2.2–3.0)† | 2.5 (2.1–3.0) | 2.4 (2.0–2.9) | 2.4 (2.0–3.0) | 0.026 |
*P < 0.05 vs. Group M and †P < 0.05 vs. Group K.
§Right heart catheterization was performed in patients selected by attending physicians (n = 1303).
NYHA, New York Heart Association; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RASI, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PAWP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; RAP, right atrial pressure.