Table 2.
Association between internet exclusion and specific depressive symptoms of CES-D scale based on panel data analysis during 2010 and 2020.
| CES-D itemsa | HRS |
ELSA |
CHARLS |
MHAS |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%)b | OR (95% CI)c | P | N (%)b | OR (95% CI)c | P | N (%)b | OR (95% CI)c | P | N (%)b | OR (95% CI)c | P | |
| Felt depressed | 6884 (11.4) | 1.29 (1.20, 1.38) | <0.001 | 2542 (10.5) | 1.41 (1.26, 1.58) | <0.001 | 19,147 (46.4) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.25) | 0.251 | 9601 (34.6) | 1.34 (1.25, 1.42) | <0.001 |
| Everything an effort | 13,319 (22.1) | 1.42 (1.34, 1.49) | <0.001 | 4223 (17.45) | 1.36 (1.24, 1.49) | <0.001 | 19,551 (47.4) | 1.34 (1.15, 1.56) | <0.001 | 10,030 (36.2) | 1.47 (1.38, 1.57) | <0.001 |
| Sleep was restless | 17,226 (28.6) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.321 | 8987 (37.2) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) | 0.153 | 21,237 (51.4) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.15) | 0.999 | 11,883 (42.9) | 1.22 (1.15, 1.30) | <0.001 |
| Did not felt happy | 7548 (12.5) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | 0.480 | 1990 (8.2) | 1.22 (1.08, 1.39) | <0.001 | 23,023 (55.8) | 1.42 (1.23, 1.63) | <0.001 | 5626 (20.3) | 1.28 (1.19, 1.38) | <0.001 |
| Felt lonely | 9533 (15.8) | 1.11 (1.04, 1.18) | <0.001 | 2427 (10.0) | 1.31 (1.16, 1.46) | <0.001 | 12,148 (29.4) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.21) | 0.730 | 8660 (31.2) | 1.51 (1.41, 1.61) | <0.001 |
| Felt tired | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11,447 (41.3) | 0.81 (0.76, 0.86) | <0.001 |
| Did not had a lot of energy | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12,379 (44.6) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92) | <0.001 |
| Did not enjoyed life | 4867 (8.1) | 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) | 0.052 | 1829 (7.6) | 1.22 (1.07, 1.39) | <0.001 | – | – | – | 6455 (23.3) | 1.43 (1.33, 1.53) | <0.001 |
| Felt sad | 10,388 (17.2) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 0.353 | 4037 (16.7) | 1.08 (0.98, 1.18) | 0.131 | – | – | – | 11,072 (40.0) | 1.22 (1.15, 1.30) | <0.001 |
| Could not get going | 11,488 (19.1) | 1.17 (1.11, 1.24) | <0.001 | 4340 (18.0) | 1.24 (1.13, 1.36) | <0.001 | 8975 (21.7) | 1.49 (1.17, 1.90) | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Bothered by little things | – | – | – | – | – | – | 18,640 (45.1) | 0.97 (0.85, 1.12) | 0.723 | – | – | – |
| Had trouble keeping mind on what is doing | – | – | – | – | – | – | 18,368 (44.5) | 1.09 (0.95, 1.25) | 0.231 | – | – | – |
| Did not feel hopeful about the future/Pessimism | – | – | – | – | – | – | 25,943 (62.8) | 1.31 (1.14, 1.50) | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Feel fearful | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7868 (19.1) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.32) | 0.512 | – | – | – |
CHARLS: China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; ELSA: English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; HRS: Health and Retirement Study; MHAS: Mexican Health and Ageing Study; OR: odd ratio.
Measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).
The proportion of observations with a “yes” response for a specific depression item in the panel data set.
Model was adjusted for the minimal sufficient adjustment set (MSAS) identified using a causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) including gender, age, education, marital status, labour force status, household wealth, co-residence with children, residence status, cognitive impairment, difficulty in BADL (basic activities of daily living) and difficulty in IADL (instrumental activities of daily living).