Table 3.
Association between internet exclusion and specific depressive symptoms of Euro-D scale based on panel data analysis during 2012 and 2020.
| Euro-D itemsa | SHARE |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%)b | OR (95% CI)c | P | |
| Depression | 57,198 (39.2) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | <0.001 |
| Pessimism | 26,569 (18.2) | 1.66 (1.60, 1.72) | <0.001 |
| Suicidality | 10,161 (7.0) | 1.31 (1.23, 1.39) | <0.001 |
| Guilt | 10,743 (7.4) | 0.89 (0.85, 0.94) | <0.001 |
| Trouble with sleep | 51,963 (35.6) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.08) | <0.001 |
| Less interest | 14,820 (10.2) | 1.49 (1.42, 1.56) | <0.001 |
| Irritability | 38,297 (26.2) | 1.08 (1.05, 1.12) | <0.001 |
| Diminution in the desire for food | 14,023 (9.6) | 1.31 (1.25, 1.38) | <0.001 |
| Fatigue | 53,718 (36.8) | 1.13 (1.10, 1.16) | <0.001 |
| Difficulty in concentration on entertainment or reading | 26,542 (18.2) | 1.39 (1.34, 1.45) | <0.001 |
| Tearfulness | 33,812 (23.2) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.09) | 0.01 |
| Almost nothing enjoyed | 19,334 (13.2) | 1.58 (1.52, 1.65) | <0.001 |
OR: odd ratio; SHARE: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe.
Measured by the Euro-Depression Scale (Euro-D).
The proportion of observations with a “yes” response for a specific depression item in the panel data set.
Model was adjusted for the minimal sufficient adjustment set (MSAS) identified using a causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) including gender, age, education, marital status, labour force status, household wealth, co-residence with children, residence status, cognitive impairment, difficulty in basic activities of daily living (BADL) and difficulty in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL).