TABLE 1.

A description for each NIH Toolbox motor and cognitive measure used in this article. Abbreviations for NIH Toolbox measures are in brackets.

Category	NIH Toolbox measure	Description
Motor	Endurance	Measures cardiovascular endurance by the distance a participant walks in 2 minutes on a 50‐foot course.
	Locomotion (GaitSpeed)	Assesses walking speed by timing how quickly a participant walks a 4‐m distance at their usual pace.
	Dexterity	Evaluates manual dexterity by timing how quickly a participant can insert and remove 9 pegs into a pegboard with their dominant hand.
	Strength	Measures grip strength by having participants squeeze a Jamar Plus Digital dynamometer, which provides a digital reading of force in pounds.
Cognitive	Episodic memory (PicSeq)	Measures memory retention through the recall of a sequence of pictures shown on a computer screen.
	Cognitive flexibility (CardSort)	Assesses the ability to switch between tasks by asking participants to match pictures based on varying dimensions like shape and colour.
	Inhibition (Flanker)	Measures attention and inhibitory control by requiring focus on a central stimulus while ignoring surrounding stimuli.
	Reading decoding (ReadEng)	Evaluates reading skills in English or Spanish by asking participants to read and pronounce letters and words accurately.
	Vocabulary comprehension (PicVocab)	Tests understanding of vocabulary by presenting a spoken word and asking participants to select the corresponding picture.
	Processing speed (ProcSpeed)	Measures the speed at which a participant can determine if two side‐by‐side pictures are the same or different.
	Working memory (ListSort)	Assesses the ability to remember and sequence visually‐ and orally‐presented items, such as foods and animals, in specific conditions.