Table.

Therapeutic Interventions Evaluated in Humans for Leaky Gut Syndrome and/or Disordered Intestinal Permeability

Intervention	Population studied	Dose and frequency	Results/comments
Probiotics	Obese adults8	Bifidobacterium adolescentis (1 × 109 CFU/daily); Bifidobacterium lactis (1 × 109 CFU/daily)	Significant reduction in sucralose:lactulose ratio following aspirin excretion
Vitamin D	Crohn’s disease61	Vitamin D3 2000 IU/daily	No difference in lactulose:mannitol ratio at 3 months in treatment group vs significant increase in lactulose:mannitol ratio in placebo group
Zinc	Healthy volunteers62	Zinc carnosine 37.5 mg twice daily	No difference in lactulose:rhamnose ratio after 5 days of exposure to indomethacin 50 mg three times daily in treatment group vs significant increase in lactulose:rhamnose ratio in placebo group
Glutamine	Crohn’s disease63; postinfectious IBS-D64	0.5 mg/kg ideal body weight/day; 5 g three times daily	No difference in lactulose:mannitol ratio compared with control (whey protein).63 Significant improvement in lactulose:mannitol ratio compared with placebo64
CL-C2 agonists	Healthy male volunteers67	24 µg/day for 28 days (lubiprostone)	Lactulose:mannitol ratio significantly lower in the lubiprostone group than in the untreated group after 28 days of treatment. Blood endotoxin activity exhibited almost no change over time in the lubiprostone and untreated groups
Larazotide	Celiac disease70	1, 4, or 8 mg three times daily	No difference in lactulose:mannitol ratio compared with placebo
Prednisone	Crohn’s disease82	40 mg/day for 3 weeks, tapered completely over the following 7 weeks	Lactulose:mannitol ratio was significantly decreased after treatment with prednisone
Infliximab	Crohn’s disease83	5 mg/kg body weight for 7 days	Significant decrease in lactulose:mannitol ratio following treatment with infliximab

CFU, colony-forming unit; CL-C2, type-2 chloride channels; IBS-D, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea; IU, international units.