Table 3.
Basic characteristics of included thirty studies
| Serial number | Author, year | Geographical area | Database/heath care setting | Sample size | Pregnancy complication(s) considered (exposure) | Autoimmune disease(s) considered (outcome) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prospective cohort studies | ||||||
| 1. | Auvinen 2020 [34] | Finland | University hospital | 782 | Gestational diabetes mellitus | Type 1 diabetes mellitus |
| 2. | Bergink, 2011 [50] | The Netherlands | Department of psychiatry at the Erasmus Medical Centre for evidence of postpartum psychosis | 148 | Postpartum psychosis | Autoimmune thyroid dysfunction |
| 3. | Bergink 2018 [51] | Denmark | Danish national registry | 312,779 | Postpartum psychosis | Autoimmune thyroid dysfunction |
| 4. | Bränn 2023 [73] | Sweden | Swedish National Medical Birth Register | 530,397 | Perinatal depression | Autoimmune diseases |
| 5. | Hardy 1999 [52] | UK | Patients from Nottingham | 314 | Pregnancy loss (spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, miscarriage, or ectopic pregnancy), Induced abortion | Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| 6. | Harpsoe 2013 [53] | Denmark | Danish National Birth Cohort | 56,108 | Hyperemesis gravidarum, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia | Inflammatory bowel disease |
| 7. | Jørgensen 2010 [36] | Denmark | Danish civil Registration System | 7017 | Hyperemesis gravidarum, ectopic pregnancies, miscarriage, Induced abortions missed abortions, hydatidiform moles, gestational hypertension, and pre-eclampsia | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| 8. | Jørgensen 2012 [54] | Denmark | Danish women born between 1955 and 1993 | 1,564,567 | Hyperemesis gravidarum, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, spontaneous abortions, missed abortions, ectopic pregnancies | Autoimmune diseases |
| 9. | Jørgensen 2014 [39] | Denmark | Danish National Birth Cohort | 97,077 | Gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, hyperemesis gravidarum | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| 10. | Kamper 2018 [56] | Denmark | Danish Medical Birth Register | 778, 758 | Pre-eclampsia | Systemic sclerosis |
| 11. | Khashan 2011 [31] | Denmark | Danish Civil Registration System, the Danish National Hospital Register [28] and the Danish Medical Birth Register | 1,035,639 | Caesarean section, induced abortion | Any autoimmune disease |
| 12. | Lee 2022 [59] | South Korea | National health insurance corporation | 2,260,952 | Caesarean section | Systemic sclerosis |
| 13. | Lin 2018 [60] | Taiwan | National Health Insurance Research Database | 45,451 | Postpartum depression | Autoimmune diseases |
| 14. | Lin 2016 [61] | Taiwan | National Health Insurance programme | 145,455 | Gestational hypertension | Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| 15. | Mao 2022 [62] | China | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cohort | 11,997 | Gestational diabetes mellitus | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| 16. | Mikkelsen 2022 [63] | Denmark | Danish Civil Registration System | 1,513,560 | Miscarriage | Myasthenia gravis |
| 17. | Nielsen 2011 [64] | Denmark | Danish Civil Registration System | 6332 | Miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, stillbirth, | Multiple sclerosis |
| 18. | Savitz 2014 [65] | USA | Data on all births in hospitals in New York City, New York | 849,639 | Gestational hypertension | Type 1 diabetes mellitus |
| 19. | Stuart 2018 [68] | Sweden |
Swedish National Board of Health and the data |
1,873,440 | Low birth weight | Type 1 diabetes mellitus |
| 20. | Ulff-Møller 2009 [69] | Denmark | Civil Registration System | 2,140,000 | Abortion (spontaneous, missed, induced), ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy | Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| 21. | Wikstrom 2015 [72] | Sweden | Swedish Medical Birth Register | 125,281 | Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy | Inflammatory bowel disease |
| Retrospective case–control studies | ||||||
| 1. | Julkunen 1993 [55] | Finland | Fourth and Second Departments of Medicine and the Department of Dermatology of the Helsinki University Central Hospital | 659 | Spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction | Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| 2. | Kay 1965 [57] | UK | American Rheumatism Association | 418 | miscarriage, stillbirth | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| 3. | Kither 2020 [58] | UK | Clinical Practice Research Datalink | 117,446 | miscarriage, gestational hypertension, intrauterine growth restriction, placental complications Stillbirth | Connective tissue disease, Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| 4. | Ma 2014 [40] | USA | Group Health Cooperative, a large Seattle-based consumer-governed non-profit health care system | 1304 | Low birth weight, small for gestational age | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| 5. | Siamopoulou 1988 [66] | Greece | Greek married women | 573 | miscarriage, preterm birth, stillbirth, | Systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis |
| 6. | Spector 1990 [67] | UK | American Rheumatism Association criteria | 657 | miscarriage induced abortion, stillbirth | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| 7. | Van Wyk 2011 [70] | The Netherlands | Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC) and the VU Medical Centre of Amsterdam (VUMC) in the Netherlands | 206 | miscarriage, gestational hypertension, intrauterine growth restriction | Systemic sclerosis |
| 8. | Wallenius 2011 [71] | Norway | Medical Birth Registry of Norway | 335,377 | Pre-eclampsia, caesarean section, postpartum haemorrhage, low birth weight, preterm delivery, small for gestational age, | Chronic inflammatory arthritis RA/PSA/ANK S |
| Cross-sectional study | ||||||
| 1. | Hee 2022 [35] | China | China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) | 302,510 | Miscarriage | Rheumatic arthritis |
NOS Newcastle–Ottawa’s scale for quality assessment of the cohort, cross-sectional, or case–control studies, RA/PSA/ANK S Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, T1DM type 1 diabetes mellitus