Table 1.

Primary outcomes by intervention

Intervention	Body Mass	Muscle Strength	Sports Performance	Recovery
Anabolic Steroids	Evidence favors increase in lean body mass	Evidence favors benefit for trained athletes; conflicting results in untrained	Insufficient evidence	Insufficient evidence
Growth Hormone	Evidence shows increase in body weight and lean body mass and decrease in fat mass	Evidence shows no benefit	Potential benefit for anaerobic exercise capacity but not sports performance	Insufficient evidence
Creatine	Evidence supports increased body mass and lean body mass and no effect on fat mass	Evidence suggests a positive effect on upper and lower body strength, at least with the short-term use	Evidence shows potential benefit for short-burst anaerobic performance, but not aerobic performance. Conflicting results on change in peak power during exercise	Inconclusive evidence, but possible decrease on muscle damage markers
Erythropoietin	Insufficient evidence	Insufficient evidence	Evidence shows possible endurance benefit, V02max increase, and increase in max power output. Insufficient evidence to show that this difference translates to improvements in running, cycling, or swimming	Evidence suggests no benefit
Cannabinoids	Insufficient evidence	Evidence suggests no benefit, and possible increased weakness	Evidence shows no benefit of cannabis use on athletic or exercise performance; possible negative influence on it	Insufficient evidence