Table 2.
McMaster scale for the risk of bias assessment
| Study | Pires (2020) 29 |
Piernicka (2021) 28 | Ferreira (2014) 10 | Sousa (2015) 38 |
da Roza (2012) 7 | Alvarez Saez (2016) 1 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |
| 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | |
| 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |
| 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | |
| 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |
| 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |
| 10 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| 11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |
| 12 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| 13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |
| 14 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| 15 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |
| 16 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |
| Total | 11 | 13 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 11 | ||
a
Items: 1, purpose; 2, literature review; 3, study design; 4, blinding; 5, sample description; 6, sample size; 7, ethics and consent; 8, validity of outcomes; 9, reliability of outcomes; 10, intervention description; 11, statistical significance; 12, statistical analysis; 13, clinical importance; 14, conclusions; 15, clinical implications; 16, study limitations.