Figure 1.

Carbohydrate conformational variability. a) Illustration of Φ, Ψ and ω dihedral angles for a representative trisaccharide coloured according to the symbol nomenclature for glycans (SNFG). b) On the left: Pseudo-rotational wheel depiction of five-membered ring structures showcasing envelope (E) and twist (T) conformations. On the right: Glove representation illustrating the puckering of six-membered pyranoside ring conformations. c) Equilibrium between the low-energy solution conformations of the iduronic acid. The exclusive (Nuclear Overhauser Effect) ¹H–¹H NOE contacts characteristic of each conformation, ¹C₄, ⁴C₁ and ²S₀, are also depicted.