Table 2.
Different Spectrum of Microbiota and Microglia-Astrocyte Cross Talk in Alzheimer’s Disease.
| Microbiota | Pathology/Disorder | Mediators | Function/Animal Model | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decreased Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria Increased Bacteriodetes and Tenericutes | AD-like pathology | Indirect microglia-dependent actions | APPSPS1 (8 months old) mice | [129] |
| Lactobacillus johnsonii Muribaculum | Aggravation of neuroinflammatory response | Activated microglia and reduced motor activity | 3xTg-AD (FMT-AD) mice | [130] |
| Lactobacillus reuteri | Neuroinflammation | Ahr signaling in astrocytes and microglia | GFAP-Cre, and Ahrfl/fl mice | [86] |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Amelioration of β-amyloidosis | Ly6Chi Monocytes | AD mice | [131] |
| Sutterella (Betaproteobacteria) | AD pathology | Inflammation | Tg-APP/PS1 Transgenic mice (6 months old) | [132] |
| Erysipelotrichaceae | Tg-APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice (24 months old) | |||
| Bacteroides fragilis | Plaque deposition | Bacteroides colonization | Tg 2576 transgenic mice | [133] |
| Helicobacter pylori | Aβ accumulation | Outer membrane vesicles | AppNL-G-F AD mice | [134] |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis and Paenalcaligenes hominis | AD-like pathology | Outer membrane vesicles | C57BL/6J mice (14 months old) | [135] |
| Paenalcaligenes hominis | Cognitive function-impaired disorders, such as AD | Extracellular vesicles through blood and vagus nerve | Germ -free C57BL/6J mice | [136] |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Borrelia burgdorferi and Chlamydia pneumoniae | AD pathology | Multiple pathogens Aβ fibrils and Tau tangles | AD mice | [137] |
| Aerococcus, Jeotgalicoccus, Blautia, Pseudomonas, Clostridiale and Ruminococcaceae | Accumulation of Aβ plaque | Extracellular vesicles | Tg-APP/PS1 transgenic Mice | [138] |
| Lachnospiraceae and S24-7 | Reduction in Aβ deposition | Microglia and Astrocytes | Aged APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice | [139] |
| Akkermanisa ans S24-7 | AD pathology | Engraftment | APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice | [140] |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum Lactobacillus plantarum | Reduced Aβ accumulation and enhanced cognitive function | FMT | AD Rat model | [141] |
| Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Akkenrmansia, Desulfovibrio, Bacteroidetes and Alloprevotella | Alzheimer’s disease like-pathogenesis | FMT | APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice | [142] |