Table 2.

Moderator Analyses for Full Sample of Studies.

	District/county level				School level				Student level
	k	Coefficient	SE	p	k	Coefficient	SE	p	k	Coefficient	SE	p
Publication status  Non-peer-reviewed	2				16				13
Peer-reviewed	24	.10	.05	.10	27	.003	.06	.96	32	−.001	.001	.37
Type of competition  Charter	4				18				17
Private—voucher/choice program	1	−.49	.25	.12	17	.22*	.08	.01	17	−.001	.001	.40
Private—nearby private schools	11	−.19	.17	.42	2	−.06	.06	.37	4	.001	.003	.89
Traditional public	3	−.17	.18	.44	6	−.03	.04	.57	7	.001	.003	.79
Mixed	2	−.20	.17	.34	1	.27**	.01	<.001	7	.000	.001	.99
Measure of competition  Geographic proximity	4				16				19
Market share	17	.06	.05	.41	21	.01	.01	.18	25	−.000	.001	.75
Policy/law	1	.37*	.03	.01	9	.12	.07	.12	6	.001	.002	.64
Mixed	1	.14	.05	.09	9	.02	.01	.28	4	.000	.000	.65
Level of competition  County	12				2				4
District	12	−.004	.02	.96	9	.03	.04	.62	8	.000	.02	.98
School	2	.03	.03	.38	36	.03	.04	.58	36	−.004	.01	.82
Outcome domain  General	17				12				6
Math	18	.03	.03	.34	23	.03	.06	.64	33	−.002	.002	.49
Literacy	7	.06	.05	.29	29	.03	.06	.60	37	−.001	.002	.73
Outcome value  Other	5				3				7
High-stakes	19	−.01	.06	.81	40	.11	.05	.14	38	−.001	.03	.88
Research design  Non-QED	24				20				15
QED	3	−.02	.02	.58	29	−.00	.01	.99	35	−.01	.01	.73

Note. The top row in each category was the reference group for dummy-coded moderator variables. QED = quasi-experimental design.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.