Table 1.
The main characteristics of various bone grafts.
| Graft | Definition | Advantages | Disadvantages | Examples | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autogenous bone graft | Bone from the patient’s own body | • High osteogenic potential • Excellent biocompatibility • No risk of transmission |
• Need for second surgical site • Limited amount of graft material |
Mandibular, cortical bone, chin, iliac crest | [6–8] |
| Allograft | Bone from different individual | • Wide availability • Avoidance of donor site morbidity • Preservation of biologic properties |
• Potential for disease transmission • Lower osteogenic potential than autograft |
FDBA, DBA | [9–11] |
| Xenograft | Grafts derived from a genetically different species than the recipient | • Architecture and geometric structure resemble bone • No need of additional surgery • Some grafts have excellent bone conductivity • Well-documented |
• Processed extensively to remove viable cells and biological components • Resorption rate is highly variable • Possible disease transmission and potential unwanted immune reactions |
Bovine bone graft, porcine bone graft, red algae | [12,13] |
| Alloplastic bone graft | Fabricated bone substitutes | • Readily available • Controlled properties • No disease transmission |
• Not predictable absorption • Lack osteogenic potential |
HA, TCP, calcium sulfate, bioactive glasses, NiTi, PMMA | [14] |
| Synthetic bioceramics | Bone substitutes with infused growth factor or living osteogenic cells | • High bioactivity • Osteoinductive properties • Chemical similarity with bone • Stimulation of osteoblast growth |
• High cost • Not predictable absorption |
Sticky bone (PRF added), Osigraft (BMP-7 added), infuse bone graft (rhBMP-2 added) | [15–17] |
| Autogenous dentin graft | Processed dentin from the patient’s own extracted teeth | • Biocompatible • Osteoconductive and osteoinductive • No disease transmission • No rejection risk • High similarity with human cortical bone |
• Not suitable for large defects • Requires additional processing time • Cleaning and sterilization process partially alters biological performances • Limited long-term clinical data |
DDM, MDM, dental particles or granules dental powder | [18–20] |
DBA = demineralized bone allograft, DDM = demineralized dentin matrix, FDBA = freezed-dried bone allograft, HA = hydroxyapatite, MDM = mineralized dentin matrix, PMMA = polymethyl methacrylate, PRF = platelet-rich fibrin, rhBMP = recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein, TCP = tricalcium phosphate.