Table 1. Descriptive summary of studies on the prevalence of MDR bacteria among HIV-positive individuals in Ethiopia.

Author, year	Study region	Study year	Sampling method	HIV-positive individuals (N)	HIV-positive individuals on ART (%)	Sex (M)	Age group (Years)	Infection/colonization	Sample source	Total isolates (N)	MDR (N)	MDR group
Tilahun et al, 2023 [28]	Amhara	2021	Systematic random	378	100	187	≥ 10	Pneumonia	Sputum	175	148	GPB & GNB
Adhanom et al, 2019 [29]	Tigray	2016	NR	252	NR	127	≥ 18	Pneumonia	Sputum	84	15	GPB & GNB
Genetu& Zenebe, 2020 [32]	Amhara	2019	Convenient	163	100	62	≥ 18	Pneumonia	Sputum	68	53	GPB & GNB
Ayele et al, 2020 [23]	South Ethiopia	2019	Systematic random	180	NR	84	≥ 15	Diarrhea	Stool	15	11	GNB
Alebachew et al, 2016 [25]	Amhara	2013	Convenient	100	NR	12	all age	Bloodstream infection	Blood	31	25	GPB & GNB
Tilahun et al, 2023 [24]	Amhara	2021	Convenient	384	NR	199	all age	Multiple infections	Multiple samples	34	28	GPB
Tessema et al, 2020 [27]	Sidama	2018	Systematic random	224	NR	93	≥ 18	Urinary tract infection	Urine	23	18	GPB & GNB
Abebe et al, 2014 [20]	Amhara	2013	Systematic random	113	50.7	53	≥ 11	Colonization	Stool	103	91	GPB
Gebre et al, 2022 [33]	Addis Ababa	2016–18	NR	183	81.4	90	<15	Colonization	Nasopharyngeal swab	50	6	GPB
Bayleyegn et al, 2021 [30]	Amhara	2020	Convenient	161	100	77	< 15	Colonization	Stool	186	71	GNB
Jemal et al, 2020 [26]	Amhara	2018	Convenient	384	NR	157	all age	Bloodstream infection	Blood	123	96	GPB & GNB
Manilal et al, 2019 [16]	South Ethiopia	2017	Systematic random	307	NR	131	≥ 18	Colonization	Nasal swab	64	12	GPB
Dadi et al, 2021 [19]	South Ethiopia	2020	Systematic random	200	100	100	all age	Colonization	Stool	123	61	GPB
Fenta et al, 2016 [21]	Addis Ababa	2015	Convenient	450	71.0	141	≥ 18	Urinary tract infection	Urine	51	32	GPB & GNB
Simeneh et al, 2022 [22]	South Ethiopia	2021	Systematic random	251	NR	114	≥ 18	Urinary tract infection	Urine	39	21	GPB & GNB
Hantalo et al, 2020 [17]	South Ethiopia	2018	Systematic random	205	82.4	81	≥ 18	Urinary tract infection	Urine	29	23	GPB & GNB
Muhaba et al, 2022 [31]	Amhara	2020	Systematic random	206	100	77	all age	Colonization	Nasal swab	127	70	GPB
Seid et al, 2020 [18]	South Ethiopia	2018	Systematic random	252	95.6	144	≥ 15	Colonization	Nasal swab	34	10	GPB
Mulu et al, 2018 [15]	Amhara	2016–17	Convenient	300	NR	153	6–15	Colonization	Nasal and throat swab	167	47	GPB & GNB
Adisu et al, 2023 [34]	Oromia	2021	Convenient	351	100	135	≥ 18	Colonization	Nasal	21	17	GPB
Zike et al, 2024 [36]	Amhara	2023	Systematic random	170	NR	65	all age	Colonization	Stool	95	83	GPB
Mitiku et al, 2023 [35]	South Ethiopia	2022	Systematic random	422	NR	204	≥ 18	Diarrhea	Stool	63	31	GNB

Note. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus, ART: antiretroviral therapy, NR: not reported, MDR: multi-drug resistance, GPB: Gram-positive bacteria, GNB: Gram-negative bacteria, M: male, N: number.