Table 1.

Efficacy of various rehabilitation approaches across different stages of stroke recovery.

Type of rehabilitation	Efficacy	Stage of Stroke	References
Proprioceptive training	Improves balance and functional mobility; enhances sensory feedback, leading to better motor control and reduced fall risk	Subacute to chronic	(48–50)
Dual-task exercises	Enhances gait, balance, and cognitive function; promotes better motor-cognitive coordination and multitasking ability	Subacute to chronic	(51–54)
Goal-oriented activities	Improves functional outcomes and quality of life by setting specific, measurable goals tailored to the patient’s needs and capabilities	Acute to chronic	(55–58)
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT)	Increases use of the affected limb through repetitive practice and restricting the unaffected limb, leading to improved motor function	Subacute to chronic	(59–62)
Robot-assisted therapy	Enhances upper limb motor recovery by providing consistent, high-intensity, and repetitive movements; improves precision and strength	Subacute to chronic	(63–66)
Virtual reality training	Improves motor function, engagement, and motivation through interactive and immersive environments; facilitates task-specific practice	Subacute to chronic	(56, 67–69)
Aerobic exercise	Enhances cardiovascular fitness, overall mobility, and endurance; contributes to better overall health and reduces risk of secondary complications	Subacute to chronic	(70–72)
Occupational therapy	Improves independence in ADLs by enhancing fine motor skills, cognitive abilities, and adapting environments	Acute to chronic	(73–75)
Speech and language therapy (SLT)	Enhances communication abilities, including speech, language, and swallowing functions; critical for improving social interactions and quality of life	Acute to chronic	(76–78)
Functional electrical stimulation (FES)	Improves muscle strength and motor control by applying electrical stimulation to paralyzed muscles, facilitating voluntary muscle contraction	Acute to chronic	(79–82)
Mirror therapy	Enhances motor recovery and reduces pain by creating a visual illusion of movement in the affected limb through mirror reflection	Subacute to chronic	(83–86)
Cognitive rehabilitation	Improves cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and problem-solving; essential for overall functional recovery and independence	Subacute to chronic	(87–90)
Hydrotherapy	Utilizes water resistance and buoyancy to improve strength, balance, and coordination; reduces pain and facilitates movement	Subacute to chronic	(91, 92)
Music therapy	Enhances mood, motivation, and motor function through rhythmic and musical cues; supports emotional well-being and recovery	Acute to chronic	(93–95)
Psychological counseling and support	Addresses emotional and mental health issues, including depression and anxiety, which are common post-stroke; improves overall well-being	Acute to chronic	(96–98)