Table 1.
A summary of the main study details for the included papers. CCI, chronic critical illness; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ECF, enterocutaneous fistula; ICU, intensive care unit; PICS, persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.
| Reference | Year | Setting | Study type | Aims | Population | Exposure | Exposure n | Control | Control n | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hesselink and colleagues14 | 2020 | University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands | Single-centre retrospective cohort | Investigate incidence of PICS after trauma, determine the clinical course, and test postulated markers to identify PICS patients | Trauma patients ≥14 days in ICU | Clinical PICS or PICS markers positive | 22 | CCI with no PICS | 78 | 1. ≥16 yr old 2. ICU stay ≥14 days |
1. ICU admission for other reasons than critical illness 2. Isolated neurotrauma |
| Hu and colleagues15 | 2014 | Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, China | Single-centre retrospective cohort | Examine the prevalence and characteristics of PICS and its impact on the outcome of ECF patients | Patients with ECF admitted to ICU | ECF+PICS | 53 | ECF+no PICS | 70 | 1. Patients with ECF admitted to ICU | 1. Terminal malignant tumour 2. Transferred to another hospital |
| Li and colleagues16 | 2023 | Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, China | Single-centre retrospective cohort | Analyse the clinical characteristics and prognosis of SLE complicated with PICS, and the risk factors affecting prognosis | SLE patients on ICU >14 days | SLE+PICS | 61 | SLE+no PICS | 35 | 1. SLE 2. ICU LOS >14 days |
1. Age <18 or >70 yr 2. Regular dialysis started in CKD5 3. Loss to follow-up |
| Suzuki and colleagues17 | 2022 | Toho University Omori Medical Center, Japan | Single-centre retrospective cohort | Investigate the relationship between blood transfusions and PICS | ICU patients who survived 14 days or more of admission | PICS | 391 | No PICS | 762 | 1. Tertiary emergency patients admitted to the ICU | 1. Age <18 yr 2. Death within 14 days of admission to the ICU. 3. Acute deterioration in hospital 4. Scheduled to undergo surgery |
| Zhong and colleagues18 | 2021 | Ruijin Hospital, China | Single-centre retrospective cohort | Find the predictors for PICS in ICU surgical septic patients | Surgical ICU patients | PICS | 47 | No PICS | 122 | 1. ≥18 yr old 2. Admitted to ICU after major surgery or within 48 h after the diagnosis of sepsis |
1. Pregnant or lactating patients 2. Severe immune deficiency 3. Death within 14 days of sepsis diagnosis |
| Zhou and colleagues8 | 2023 | Suzhou Municipal Hospital and Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, China | Prospective cohort | Investigate and compare the clinical features and prognosis of CCI/PICS | ICU patients with LOS ≥14 days | PICS, CCI+PICS |
17 50 |
CCI only, No CCI or PICS |
71, 30 |
1. ≥18 yr old 2. ICU LOS ≥14 days |
1. ICU LOS <14 days 2. Long-term use of immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, or both 3. Congenital immunodeficiency, acquired immunodeficiency, or both 4. Pregnancy 5. No consent |