Table 3.

Overview of in vitro studies related to FB in the management of thromboembolic disease.

S. No.	Effect	Plant parts	Solvent	Cell system (#) and type of assay (*)	IC50	Target	Phyto-constituent	Reference
1.	Anticoagulant	Leaves	Methanol	# Healthy human blood plasma cell * Prothrombin time (PT) * Activated partial thrombo-plastin time (APTT)	–	• Delayed PT and APTT	Phenol, Flavonoid	[12]
2.	Platelet anti-aggregation	Leaves	Ethanol	# Human blood samples -Platelet rich plasma (PRP) -Platelet poor plasma (PPP) * Platelet aggregation inhibition activity assay (channel aggregometer)	4.87 $\pm$ 0.38 mg/ml	• Inhibition of platelet aggregation	–	[14]
3.	Antioxidant	Leaves	Hydroalcoholic (Fraction: n-hexane, n-butanol, chloroform Water)	* Free radical scavenging activity using: −1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydryzyl −2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals	* DPPH Assay Hydroalcoholic: 32.3 ± 1.320 μg/ml n-Hexane: 28.2 ± 0.993 μg/ml n-Butanol: >1000 μg/ml Chloroform: >1000 μg/ml Water: 125.0 ± 0.025 μg/ml * ABTS Assay Hydroalcoholic: 52 ± 0.722 μg/ml n-Hexane: 58.2 ± 0.714 μg/ml n-Butanol: 491 ± 0.555 μg/ml Chloroform: >1000 μg/ml Water: 20.3 ± 0.133 μg/ml	• Increase in DPPH scavenging activity in concentration- dependant manner. • Increase in ABTS scavenging activity in concentration- dependant manner.	–	[59]
		Latex	Methanol	* DPPH radical scavenging activity * FeCl3 radical scavenging activity * Phosphor-molybdenum radical scavenging activity	* DPPH: 28.63 ± 0.16 μg/ml * FeCl3 radical: 49.82 ± 1.00 μg/ml * Phosphor-molybdenum radical: 31.84 ± 0.12 μg/ml	• Decrease in DPPH concentration • Decrease in concentration of FeCl3 radical. • Decrease in concentration of Phosphor-molybdenum radical	Glycoside, Alkaloid, Tannin, Phenol, Flavonoid	[60]
		Stem bark	Aqueous Butanol fraction	* Ex vivo inhibition of lipid peroxidation (LPO) * DPPH radical scavenging activity	80.24 μg/ml	• Inhibition of LPO • DPPH inhibition	Phenol, Flavonoid Tannins, Quercetin	[18,55,57]
		Aerial root	Methanol Ethanol Aqueous	* DPPH radical scavenging assay * FRAP Assay (ferric reducing antioxidant power)	–	• Increased DPPH scavenging action (Methanolic extract > Ethanol extract) • FRAP Assay: increased reducing ability of extract (Methanol extract > Ethanol extract) • Increased reducing ability	Phenols, Flavonoids	[30,74]
		Root	Petroleum ether Ethyl acetate Alcohol Water	* DPPH scavenging activity * Hdroxyl radical scavenging activity * Reducing capacity * Hydrogen peroxide activity	* DPPH: 93.22 μg/ml * Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity: 0.65 mg mL-1	• Decrease in concentration of DPPH radical • Increased Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity	–	[74]
4.	Anti- inflammatory	Bark	Methanol Ethanol Water Hydro-alcohol	* HRBC method	–	• Stabilization towards HRBC membrane	–	[52]

PT: Prothrombin Time; APTT: Activated Partial Thrombo-plastin Time; DPPH: 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydryzyl; ABTS: 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals; LPO: Lipid peroxidation; FRAP: Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power; HRBC: Human Red Blood Cell.