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. 2024 Jul 18;27(8):110537. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110537

Figure 2.

Figure 2

HyA-FMBs suppress BMP signaling early in chondrogenic differentiation

(A–D) Global expression analyses from scRNA-seq of control (blue) and HyA-FMB (red) organoids at day 1 (A and B) and day 3 (C and D) of chondrogenic differentiation. Control and HyA-FMB datasets at each time point were normalized and integrated using Seurat. Cluster analyses at each time point are provided in Figures S2A–S2F.

(A, C) Violin plots depict expression of genes associated with TGFβ signaling (orange), BMP signaling (purple), and chondro-osteogenesis (green). Statistical significance (logfc>0.25, p < 0.05) is shown with an asterisk (∗) for donor #1 and dagger (†) for donor #2.

(B and D) Feature plots show genes of interest.

(E, G, I, and K) Immunofluorescence analyses in day 3 control and HyA-FMB organoids. High-magnification insets shown to the right of their corresponding images. Nuclei counterstained with DAPI. Scale bars, 200 μm. Asterisks (∗) indicate HyA-FMBs.

(F, H, J, and L) Area quantification of protein expression in day 3 control and HyA-FMB organoids. Each dot represents a biological replicate. Data are mean ± SEM; ∗p < 0.05, unpaired two-tailed t test (see also Figures S1 and S2).