Table 3.

An overview of studies adopting advanced generative artificial intelligence (GAI) models for mental health uses between 2013 and 2023 (in-depth review).

Use cases	Year
	2013–2020 (n=5), n (%)	2021 (n=5), n (%)	2022 (n=14), n (%)	2023 (n=20), n (%)	Overall (n=44), n (%)
Detection of mental problems	—a	—	2 (5)	2 (5)	4 (9)
Counseling support	2 (5)	1 (2)	4 (9)	6 (14)	13 (30)
Therapeutic application	3 (7)	4 (9)	7 (16)	5 (11)	19 (43)
Clinical training	—	—	—	1 (2)	1 (2)
Facilitation of clinical decision-making	—	—	—	3 (7)	3 (7)
Goal-driven optimization	—	—	1 (2)	3 (7)	4 (9)

^aNot applicable.