Fig. 1.

Sample localities and data overview. (A) Regional map of the Pacific Arctic showing the location of the Mackenzie Delta, and the three adjacent beluga whale populations included in this study. The annual migration route of the Mackenzie beluga whales is indicated. (B) Locality of the archaeological and contemporary (Hendrickson Island) beluga whale sample sites within the Mackenzie Delta. (C) Sample sizes of the stable isotopes, mitochondrial (mtDNA), genetic sexing, and nuclear DNA datasets. (D) Overview of the data available for each specimen. Colored symbols (squares, triangles, circles) indicate sufficient data for analysis. Nuclear coverage indicates the genome-wide read depth of each specimen; only specimens with > 0.2 × coverage are shown. Sample size of the nuclear DNA data is smaller in (C) than in (D), as two pairs of related individuals were identified genetically; one pair among the 1450 to 1650 CE samples and one pair in the contemporary Mackenzie Delta samples. For each pair, the individual with lowest coverage was excluded from further nuclear analyses.