Table 2.

Honey: its botanical and geographical origin, active constituents, and bioactivities.

Honey	Origin	Components	Bioactivity	Reference
Tualang honey	Malaysia	Neurotransmitters (choline and acetylcholine)	Anti-depressant	[142]
Thyme honey	Greece	H2O2 activity and low acidity	Anti-microbial	[143]
Sidr honey	Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan	Polyphenols (caffeic acid and its phenyl esters)	Anticancer	[144]
Heather honey	Romania	Phenolics	Antibacterial	[145]
Avocado honey	Spain	o-vanillin, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, and hydroxycinnamic acid	Anti-Alzheimer’s	[146]
Buckwheat honey	United States	Sugar	Antibacterial	[147]
Agastache honey	Australia	Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)	Antifungal	[148]
Aroeira honey	Brazil	Phenolics	Antifungal	[149]
Tupelo honey	United States	Sugars	Antimutagenic	[150]
Sage honey	United States	Sugars (lactulose, lactitol, and inulin)	Prebiotic effect	[83]
Buckwheat honey	United States	Sugars	Antibacterial	[147]
Safflower honey	China	Polyphenolics (protocatechuic acid, naringin, gallic acid, myricetin, and quercetin)	Anti-inflammatory	[151]
Sourwood honey	Malaysia	Phenolics, flavonoids and ascorbic acid	Antioxidant	[152]
Gelam honey	Malaysia	Amino acids (glycine, methionine, arginine, and proline)	Wound healing	[153]
Malicia honey	Brazil	Phenolics (procyanidins B1 and B2, epicatechin, and naringin)	Anxiolytic	[154]
Rhododendron honey	Turkey	Flavanones (hesperetin and luteolin)	Gastrointestinal protective	[155]
Manuka honey	New Zealand	Organic compound (methyl glyoxal)	Antibacterial properties	[156]
Red clover honey	Croatia	Volatile compounds (lilac aldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde)	Anti-diabetic	[157]
Litchi honey	India	Protein (Major Royal Jelly Protein 1)	Anti-proliferative	[78]
Kanuka honey	New Zealand	Non-volatile compounds (syringic acid, 4-methoxyphenyllactic acid, and methyl syringate)	Anti-viral	[158]
Sesame honey	India	Phenolic compounds (rutin, apigenin, and quercetin)	Probiotic effects	[159]
Acacia honey	Malaysia	Flavones and flavanones (acacetin, chrysin, pinocembrin, and epicatechin)	Reduce adiposity and triglyceride levels	[160]