Table 1.

Demographic, anthropometric, and biochemical characteristics of the study population

	Early peak group	Middle peak group	Late peak group	p value
N	18	19	39
Sex (% male)	66.7	62.1	61.5	NS
Age (years)	10.9 ± 2.4	12.0 ± 1.6	11.7 ± 2.0	NS
Weight (kg)	70.8 ± 21.7	71.3 ± 19.2	72.0 ± 16.3	NS
Weight (Z-score)	5.0 ± 1.5	4.6 ± 1.1	4.7 ± 2.1	NS
Body mass index (kg/m2)	31.0 ± 5.9	28.5 ± 4.9	30.5 ± 5.3	NS
Body mass index (Z-score)	4.5 ± 1.9	3.7 ± 1.3	4.2 ± 2.0	NS
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	115.3 ± 10.9a	117.3 ± 11.8a	124.2 ± 10.8b	5.4 × 10−3
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	74.5 ± 6.6a	74.1 ± 6.7a	77.9 ± 6.4b	3.7 × 10−2
Glucose, t = 0 min (mg/dL)	86.1 ± 9.4	85.3 ± 7.9	84.4 ± 9.2	NS
Glucose, t = 30 min (mg/dL)	148.8 ± 22.1	141.3 ± 28.6	139.9 ± 25.3	NS
Glucose, t = 60 min (mg/dL)	123.9 ± 17.8	134.5 ± 24.4	141.7 ± 33.0	NS
Glucose, t = 90 min (mg/dL)	116.5 ± 11.5a	108.6 ± 23.7a	139.0 ± 31.0b	2.2 × 10−5
Glucose, t = 120 min (mg/dL)	114.1 ± 13.1a	113.8 ± 23.9a	136.4 ± 27.8b	1.4 × 10−3
Insulin, t = 0 min (µU/mL)	20.5 ± 5.3	19.9 ± 5.9	23.3 ± 12.4	NS
Insulin, t = 30 min (µU/mL)	223.4 ± 117.0a	122.4 ± 51.9b	130.7 ± 65.5b	5.3 × 10−4
Insulin, t = 60 min (µU/mL)	154.8 ± 92.1a	196.8 ± 68.3b	152.5 ± 80.7a	6.0 × 10−3
Insulin, t = 90 min (µU/mL)	143.6 ± 102.2a	117.5 ± 59.4a	196.1 ± 134.2b	7.9 × 10−3
Insulin, t = 120 min (µU/mL)	143.7 ± 93.0	136.5 ± 87.0	191.6 ± 103.1	NS
HOMA-IR score	4.3 ± 1.4a	4.2 ± 1.3a	4.9 ± 3.0 b	4.9 × 10−2
KIDMED score	7.5 ± 1.4	6.2 ± 2.5	6.0 ± 2.2	NS

Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (except for sex, expressed as percentage). Superscript letters within each row indicate significant differences between groups that are marked with different letters, according to the post hoc Fisher LSD test (p < 0.05). NS, non-significant