Figure 16.

Proteomics data analysis and biological interpretation. The process begins with protein identification and quantification using tools such as Proteome Discoverer, Spectronaut, Spectromine, MS Fragger, MaxQuant, and Skyline. Quality control measures ensure data integrity, leading to a biological interpretation of the results. Differential expression analyses may include relative abundance charts, heat maps, and volcano plots. Functional analysis encompasses gene ontology, protein-protein interactions, and signaling pathways.