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. 2024 Aug 27;14:19899. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-70911-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Maternal serum vitamin D status in the second trimester is positively associated with the CD8+ T cell proportion in the cord blood. (a) The heatmap shows that the gestational week at the delivery has the strongest associations with immune cell composition variations assessed by the principal component (PC), followed by maternal serum vitamin D (2nd trimester) and being born in the summer season. (b) After adjusting for the sex of the fetus, gestational age, the season of T1, and the gestational week at T1, maternal serum vitamin D (2nd trimester) maintains significant associations with immune cell composition, specifically positive association with proportions of CD8+ T cell and monocytes, and negative association with granulocytes. Asterisks indicate the significance (**p < 0.01 and *p < 0.05, Student’s t-test). The left panel shows − log10(p-value), and the right panel shows the direction of the associations.