Fig. 3.

In East Asian populations, four loci have demonstrated a significant association with serum urate levels: SLC2A9, ABCG2, SLC22A12, and MAF. Similarly, in African American populations, three loci have been identified: SLC2A9, SLC22A12, and SLC2A12. In contrast, the European population predominantly shows an association with only one locus, SLC2A9. Australian studies have identified 28 loci, encompassing all but one (SLC2A12) of those found in African American and East Asian populations. Among these diverse populations, certain loci, such as SLC2A9, ABCG2, GCKR, and SLC17A1-SLC17A4 (also known as NPT1-NPT4), exhibit stronger effects and have been consistently replicated in multiple studies