Fig. 5.

The role of uric acid in the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia and its associated diseases involves complex intracellular signaling mechanisms. Elevated intracellular uric acid levels stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species and activate multiple inflammatory signaling pathways. XO xanthine oxidase, eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase, MSU monosodium urate, Nrf2 Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2, mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin complex, ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase, AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase, IL-1β interleukin-1β, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinases, PRAS40 Proline-Rich AKT Substrate, NF-κB nuclear factor κB, TLR Toll-like receptors, NLRP3, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3, PKC Protein Kinase C, RAGE Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products pathway