Table 3.

The mechanisms of conditions caused by hyperuricemia

Diseases	Symptoms	Mechanisms related to hyperuricemia
Gout	Arthritis Tophi deposits and loss of mobility Destruction of cartilage and bone	NLRP3 inflammasome, orchestrating the inflammatory cascade in response to MSU crystal deposition Cytokines secretion from macrophages and neutrophils
Kidney disease	Chronic kidney diseases Nephrolithiasis Acute kidney injury	Renal vasoconstriction via inflammation Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction Renin-angiotensin system activation by UA
Metabolic syndrome (MetS)	Central obesity Hypertension Hyperglycemia Low HDL cholesterol	Insulin resistance and dyslipidemia Excessive consumption of uric acid Renal dysfunction Oxidative stress and inflammation
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)	Hypertension Atrial fibrillation Coronary heart disease Herat failure	Endothelial dysfunction and chronic inflammation XO effects ischemic and other types of tissue Vascular injuries Inflammatory diseases
Hypertension	High blood pressure	Oxidative stress Intracellular urate activity Endothelial dysfunction and vascular damage
Intervertebral degeneration (IVD)	Back pain and stiffness Nerve compression and numb Limitation of range motion	Oxidative stress and inflammation Microvascular dysfunction Cellular damage
Diabetes	Obesity Insulin resistance Peripheral neuropathy	Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia High consumption of Fructose Oxidative stress and inflammation