Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population by sex.
| Characteristic | Missing | Overall N = 8019 | Male N = 4083 | Female N = 3936 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child/Mother | |||||
| Twin* (Yes/No) | 0% | 1.1% (92/8019) | 1.1% (44/4083) | 1.2% (48/3936) | 0.7 |
| Birth order* | 0% | 0.8 | |||
| First | 35% (2834/8019) | 36% (1460/4083) | 35% (1374/3936) | ||
| Second | 35% (2813/8019) | 35% (1413/4083) | 36% (1401/3936) | ||
| Third | 19% (1493/8019) | 19% (772/4083) | 18% (721/3936) | ||
| Fourth and later | 11% (878/8019) | 11% (438/4083) | 11% (440/3936) | ||
| Previous birth interval* | 0.2% | 0.8 | |||
| First born | 35% (2834/8005) | 36% (1460/4079) | 35% (1374/3926) | ||
| < 2 years | 7.0% (559/8005) | 6.8% (278/4079) | 7.2% (281/3926) | ||
| 2–3 years | 21% (1637/8005) | 20% (812/4079) | 21% (825/3926) | ||
| > 3 years | 37% (2975/8005) | 37% (1529/4079) | 37% (1446/3926) | ||
| Birth weight under 2500g (Yes/No) | 41% | 6.3% (300/4771) | 5.8% (141/2440) | 6.8% (159/2331) | 0.3 |
| Stunted weight for height (Yes/No) | 54% | 9.9% (363/3665) | 11% (211/1861) | 8.4% (152/1804) | 0.025 |
| Mother's age at birth* | 0% | 0.6 | |||
| < 20 years | 8.8% (706/8019) | 8.9% (364/4083) | 8.7% (342/3936) | ||
| 20–34 years | 77% (6144/8019) | 77% (3144/4083) | 76% (3000/3936) | ||
| 35–49 years | 15% (1169/8019) | 14% (575/4083) | 15% (595/3936) | ||
| Mother highest educational level* | 0% | 0.7 | |||
| No education | 11% (884/8019) | 12% (471/4083) | 10% (413/3936) | ||
| Primary | 41% (3294/8019) | 41% (1667/4083) | 41% (1627/3936) | ||
| Secondary | 41% (3258/8019) | 40% (1644/4083) | 41% (1614/3936) | ||
| Higher | 7.3% (583/8019) | 7.4% (301/4083) | 7.2% (282/3936) | ||
| Contraceptive use* (Yes/No) | 0% | 64% (5124/8019) | 62% (2545/4083) | 66% (2579/3936) | 0.020 |
| Wanted pregnancy of child | 39% | 0.5 | |||
| Yes | 81% (3977/4908) | 81% (2030/2506) | 81% (1947/2402) | ||
| Later | 7.9% (387/4908) | 8.4% (211/2506) | 7.4% (177/2402) | ||
| No | 11% (544/4908) | 11% (265/2506) | 12% (278/2402) | ||
| Births in last five years* | 0% | 0.5 | |||
| One | 72% (5756/8019) | 72% (2932/4083) | 72% (2824/3936) | ||
| Two or more | 28% (2264/8019) | 28% (1151/4083) | 28% (1107/3936) | ||
| Household | |||||
| Water source* | 0% | 0.9 | |||
| Unimproved | 9.4% (756/8019) | 9.4% (384/4083) | 9.5% (373/3936) | ||
| Improved | 91% (7263/8019) | 91% (3699/4083) | 91% (3564/3936) | ||
| Sanitation facility* | 0% | 0.2 | |||
| Unimproved | 11% (910/8019) | 12% (482/4083) | 11% (428/3936) | ||
| Improved | 89% (7110/8019) | 88% (3601/4083) | 89% (3508/3936) | ||
| Cooking fuel* | 1% | 0.5 | |||
| Electricity/gas | 52% (4167/7963) | 52% (2102/4056) | 53% (2065/3908) | ||
| Kerosine/Coal/Wood or similar | 48% (3796/7963) | 48% (1953/4056) | 47% (1843/3908) | ||
| Electricity* (Yes/No) | 0% | 91% (7324/8019) | 91% (3717/4083) | 92% (3607/3936) | 0.4 |
| Household wealth quintile* | 0% | 0.5 | |||
| Poorest | 22% (1732/8019) | 23% (919/4083) | 21% (814/3936) | ||
| Poorer | 19% (1489/8019) | 18% (742/4083) | 19% (747/3936) | ||
| Middle | 19% (1488/8019) | 18% (740/4083) | 19% (747/3936) | ||
| Richer | 21% (1717/8019) | 21% (873/4083) | 21% (844/3936) | ||
| Richest | 20% (1593/8019) | 20% (808/4083) | 20% (784/3936) | ||
| Household type* | 0% | 0.5 | |||
| Urban | 39% (3150/8019) | 40% (1622/4083) | 39% (1528/3936) | ||
| Rural | 61% (4869/8019) | 60% (2461/4083) | 61% (2408/3936) | ||
| Geographical region* | 0% | 0.2 | |||
| Phnom Penh | 15% (1172/8019) | 15% (594/4083) | 15% (577/3936) | ||
| Plain | 33% (2666/8019) | 33% (1338/4083) | 34% (1328/3936) | ||
| Great lake | 30% (2422/8019) | 30% (1227/4083) | 30% (1195/3936) | ||
| Coastal | 6.0% (479/8019) | 6.7% (274/4083) | 5.2% (205/3936) | ||
| Mountain/Plateau | 16% (1280/8019) | 16% (649/4083) | 16% (631/3936) | ||
| Health service | |||||
| Health insurance* (Yes/No) | 0% | 25% (1969/8019) | 25% (1031/4083) | 24% (939/3936) | 0.2 |
| Antenatal visits | 42% | 0.6 | |||
| 0 | 1.3% (58/4631) | 1.4% (34/2366) | 1.1% (24/2265) | ||
| 1–4 | 25% (1142/4631) | 25% (583/2366) | 25% (559/2265) | ||
| > 4 | 74% (3432/4631) | 74% (1750/2366) | 74% (1682/2265) | ||
| Place of delivery | 39% | 0.6 | |||
| Facility with cesarian section possibility | 38% (1842/4908) | 38% (959/2506) | 37% (884/2402) | ||
| Facility | 61% (2973/4908) | 60% (1501/2506) | 61% (1472/2402) | ||
| Home | 1.9% (92/4908) | 1.8% (46/2506) | 1.9% (47/2402) | ||
| Assisting person during delivery | 39% | 0.3 | |||
| Health professional | 99% (4846/4908) | 99% (2471/2506) | 99% (2375/2402) | ||
| Non-health profession | 1.3% (62/4908) | 1.4% (35/2506) | 1.1% (27/2402) | ||
| Any postnatal visit (Yes/No) | 42% | 38% (1774/4621) | 37% (874/2360) | 40% (900/2261) | 0.12 |
| DTP full vaccination (Yes/No) | 40% | 75% (3608/4814) | 74% (1805/2448) | 76% (1802/2366) | 0.088 |
| Polio full vaccination (Yes/No) | 40% | 77% (3725/4832) | 76% (1865/2460) | 78% (1860/2373) | 0.081 |
All variables are weighted according to household survey weight, while taking into consideration the sampling cluster and strata.
*These variables had data from all under-five children and below 30% missing data and were included in the multivariable model. Region Phnom Penh is the capital city; the Plain region consists of Kampong Cham, Kandal, Prey Veng, Svay Rieng, and Takeo; Great lake region includes Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Thom, Pursat, and Siemreap; Coastal region has Kampot, Kep, Koh Kong, Preah Sihanouk; and Mountain/Plateau region consists of Kampong Speu, Kratie, Preah Vihear, Ratanak Kiri, Mondul Kiri, Stung Treng, Oddar Meanchey, and Pailin. Improved water sources include direct water, piped wells, and covered dug wells. Improved sanitation facilities include toilet or latrine connected with sewage or septic tanks.