Table 1.
The baseline characteristics are based on quartiles of the NHHR: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 2011–2018
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 2253 | 2253 | 2248 | 2258 | |
| Age (years) | 36.69 ± 11.84 | 38.39 ± 11.82 | 40.45 ± 11.24 | 41.10 ± 10.51 | < 0.001 |
| Gender | < 0.001 | ||||
| Male | 732 (32.49%) | 963 (42.74%) | 1219 (54.23%) | 1521 (67.36%) | |
| Female | 1521 (67.51%) | 1290 (57.26%) | 1029 (45.77%) | 737 (32.64%) | |
| BMI | 25.74 ± 6.14 | 28.47 ± 6.80 | 30.25 ± 6.74 | 31.14 ± 6.15 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference | 88.03 ± 14.66 | 95.63 ± 15.94 | 101.08 ± 15.46 | 104.51 ± 14.38 | < 0.001 |
| Race | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 242 (10.74%) | 299 (13.27%) | 361 (16.06%) | 415 (18.38%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 188 (8.34%) | 201 (8.92%) | 237 (10.54%) | 271 (12.00%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 807 (35.82%) | 815 (36.17%) | 853 (37.94%) | 844 (37.38%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 606 (26.90%) | 514 (22.81%) | 409 (18.19%) | 315 (13.95%) | |
| Other Race - Including Multi-Racial | 410 (18.20%) | 424 (18.82%) | 388 (17.26%) | 413 (18.29%) | |
| Educational level | < 0.001 | ||||
| Below high school | 291 (12.92%) | 347 (15.40%) | 385 (17.13%) | 491 (21.74%) | |
| High school grad/GED | 418 (18.55%) | 485 (21.53%) | 534 (23.75%) | 523 (23.16%) | |
| Above high school | 1544 (68.53%) | 1421 (63.07%) | 1329 (59.12%) | 1244 (55.09%) | |
| Hypertension | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 370 (16.42%) | 502 (22.28%) | 612 (27.22%) | 642 (28.43%) | |
| No | 1883 (83.58%) | 1751 (77.72%) | 1636 (72.78%) | 1616 (71.57%) | |
| Diabetes | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 115 (5.10%) | 134 (5.95%) | 194 (8.63%) | 227 (10.05%) | |
| No | 2113 (93.79%) | 2082 (92.41%) | 2008 (89.32%) | 1973 (87.38%) | |
| Broadline | 25 (1.11%) | 37 (1.64%) | 46 (2.05%) | 58 (2.57%) | |
| Cancer | 0.557 | ||||
| Yes | 82 (3.64%) | 79 (3.51%) | 96 (4.27%) | 88 (3.90%) | |
| No | 2171 (96.36%) | 2174 (96.49%) | 2152 (95.73%) | 2170 (96.10%) | |
| Sleep disorder | 0.005 | ||||
| Yes | 493 (21.88%) | 541 (24.01%) | 574 (25.53%) | 589 (26.09%) | |
| No | 1760 (78.12%) | 1712 (75.99%) | 1674 (74.47%) | 1669 (73.91%) | |
| Family PIR | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 1.3 | 685 (30.40%) | 695 (30.85%) | 718 (31.94%) | 800 (35.43%) | |
| 1.3–3.5 | 799 (35.46%) | 822 (36.48%) | 818 (36.39%) | 813 (36.01%) | |
| ≥ 3.5 | 769 (34.13%) | 736 (32.67%) | 712 (31.67%) | 645 (28.57%) | |
| Energy intake(kcal) | 2188.86 ± 1003.00 | 2195.56 ± 1011.28 | 2245.37 ± 1057.23 | 2333.88 ± 1077.74 | < 0.001 |
| Protein intake (g) | 84.43 ± 45.43 | 84.63 ± 46.10 | 86.23 ± 44.76 | 89.55 ± 46.71 | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g) | 251.52 ± 124.04 | 259.87 ± 124.74 | 270.39 ± 137.06 | 284.14 ± 138.77 | < 0.001 |
| Fat intake (g) | 84.85 ± 48.01 | 84.75 ± 49.08 | 86.47 ± 48.71 | 88.07 ± 51.62 | 0.077 |
| Alcohol intake (g) | 15.52 ± 36.06 | 11.52 ± 28.84 | 9.54 ± 27.96 | 10.24 ± 28.37 | < 0.001 |
| Cotinine (ng/ml) | 53.62 ± 117.62 | 55.21 ± 120.87 | 62.18 ± 133.81 | 80.26 ± 147.81 | < 0.001 |
| ALM BMI | 0.80 ± 0.21 | 0.80 ± 0.21 | 0.80 ± 0.20 | 0.82 ± 0.18 | < 0.001 |
| Low muscle mass | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 99 (4.39%) | 161 (7.15%) | 226 (10.05%) | 274 (12.13%) | |
| No | 2154 (95.61%) | 2092 (92.85%) | 2022 (89.95%) | 1984 (87.87%) |
Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviations or counts (weighted percentages). GED: general equivalent diploma; PIR: family income to poverty ratio. NHHR: non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio