Table 2.

Baseline characteristics of intervention and control villages, households, caregivers, and children

	Total		Intervention		Control
	N		n (%) / mean (SD)		n (%) / mean (SD)
Village characteristics
Village size (total # of households)	74		94.0 (56.0)		91.4 (48.8)
Household characteristics
Household religion	942
Hindu			387 (79.8%)		365 (79.9%)
Christian			98 (20.2%)		88 (19.3%)
Other			0 (0.0%)		2 (0.4%)
No religion			0 (0.0%)		2 (0.4%)
Household caste*	945
General			107 (22.0%)		75 (16.3%)
Scheduled Caste			28 (5.8%)		51 (11.1%)
Other Backward Caste			182 (37.4%)		141 (30.7%)
Scheduled Tribe			120 (24.7%)		137 (39.8%)
Don’t know/other			48 (9.9%)		55 (12.0%)
Refused			1 (0.2%)		0 (0.0%)
Household wealth (asset index pca score)	944		2.2 (0.9)		2.2 (0.9)
Only one child < 5 years old	972		401 (80.8%)		386 (81.1%)
Household size	944		5.9 (2.21)		5.8 (2.1)
Caregiver and child characteristics
Primary female caregiver	992		446 (88.8%)		422 (86.1%)
Caregiver age	991		28.6 (7.9)		29.0 (8.5)
Caregiver years of schooling	937		6.2 (4.2)		6.2 (4.4)
Caregiver employment	945
Employed (outside the home)			39 (8.0%)		48 (10.5%)
Employed (inside home)			192 (39.5%)		177 (38.5%)
Unemployed			255 (52.5%)		234 (51.0%)
Caregiver latrine use	940		339 (70.3%)		327 (71.4%)
Child’s age (months)	1117		30.9 (16.6)		30.1 (16.6)
Child female	1118		277 (48.4%)		267 (48.9%)
WASH characteristics
Household has functional piped water	947		430 (88.3%)		409 (88.9%)
Latrine in or within 50 ft of household	932		423 (88.1%)		383 (84.7%)
Latrine has two pits	911		316 (67.4%)		284 (64.3%)
Latrine structure fully intact	909		383 (82.9%)		359 (80.3%)
Latrine has tap inside	920		401 (85.3%)		394 (87.6%)
Latrine has water (tap tested)	920		262 (55.7%)		214 (47.6%)
Outcomes
JMP-defined safe disposal	1104		294 (52.3%)		268 (49.5%)
Caregiver safe disposal	1104		57 (10.1%)		49 (9.0%)
Child latrine use	1109		237 (42.0%)		219 (40.3%)

^*We used the Government of India’s classification system for caste groups