Table 1.
Prevalence of human pathogens by Ixodes species and life-stage by state and region, 2013 – 2019.
| Region State† | Species, life stage | Total no. positive ticks (% positive [95 % C.I.]) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. | Borrelia miyamotoi | Borrelia mayonii †† | Anaplasma phagocytophilum | Babesia microti | |||||||
| Northeast | |||||||||||
| ME | I. scapularis | No. ticks tested | No. ticks tested | No. ticks tested | No. ticks tested | No. ticks tested | |||||
| Nymph | 154 | 27 (17.53 [12.34–24.31]) | 154 | 1 (0.65 [0.03–3.59]) | – | – | 154 | 5 (3.25 [1.39–7.37]) | 154 | 6 (3.90 [1.80–8.24]) | |
| Adult | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| NY | I. scapularis | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 299 | 50 (16.72 [12.92–21.37]) | 299 | 9 (3.01 [1.59–5.62]) | – | – | 299 | 27 (9.03 [6.28–12.82]) | 299 | 36 (12.04 [8.82–16.22]) | |
| Adult | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| PA | I. scapularis | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 115 | 26 (22.61 [15.92–31.07]) | 115 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–3.23]) | 1 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–94.87]) | 115 | 3 (2.61 [0.89–7.39]) | 115 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–3.23]) | |
| Adult | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| VT | I. scapularis | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 716 | 170 (23.74 [20.77–26.99]) | 716 | 5 (0.70 [0.30–1.62]) | 716 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.53]) | 716 | 39 (5.45 [4.01–7.36]) | 716 | 31 (4.33 [3.07–6.08]) | |
| Adult | 2152 | 1249 (58.04 [55.94–60.11]) | 2155 | 24 (1.11 [0.75–1.65]) | 2153 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.18]) | 2155 | 174 (8.07 [7.00–9.30]) | 2155 | 76 (3.53 [2.83–4.39]) | |
| Total | |||||||||||
| Nymph | 1284 | 273 (21.26 [19.11–23.58]) | 1284 | 15 (1.20 [0.71–1.92]) | 717 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.53]) | 1284 | 74 (5.76 [4.62–7.17]) | 1284 | 73 (5.69 [4.55–7.10]) | |
| Adult | 2152 | 1249 (58.04 [55.94–60.11]) | 2155 | 24 (1.11 [0.75–1.65]) | 2153 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.18]) | 2155 | 174 (8.07 [6.99–9.30]) | 2155 | 76 (3.53 [2.83–4.39]) | |
| Mid-Atlantic | |||||||||||
| DC | I. scapularis | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 253 | 62 (24.51 [19.61–30.16]) | 253 | 2 (0.79 [0.22–2.84]) | – | – | 253 | 1 (0.40 [0.02–2.20]) | 253 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.50]) | |
| Adult | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| KY | I. scapularis | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 13 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–22.81]) | 13 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–22.81]) | 13 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–22.81]) | 13 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–22.81]) | 13 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–22.81]) | |
| Adult | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| MD | I. scapularis | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 168 | 39 (23.21 [17.47–30.15]) | 168 | 4 (2.38 [0.93–5.96]) | – | – | 168 | 4 (2.38 [0.93–5.96]) | 168 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–2.24]) | |
| Adult | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| NC | I. scapularis | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 378 | 46 (12.17 [9.25–15.85]) | 378 | 4 (1.06 [0.41–2.69]) | 378 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.01]) | 378 | 5 (1.32 [0.57–3.06]) | 378 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.01]) | |
| Adult | 89 | 38 (42.70 [32.93–53.06]) | 89 | 1 (1.12 [0.06–6.09]) | 89 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–4.14]) | 89 | 2 (2.25 [0.62–7.83]) | 89 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–4.14]) | |
| VA | I. scapularis | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 1276 | 205 (16.07 [14.15–18.18]) | 1277 | 17 (1.33 [0.83–2.12]) | 804 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.48]) | 1277 | 51 (3.99 [3.05–5.21]) | 1277 | 2 (0.16 [0.04–0.57]) | |
| Adult | 329 | 129 (39.21 [34.09–44.58]) | 329 | 9 (2.74 [1.45–5.12]) | 329 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.15]) | 329 | 10 (3.04 [1.66–5.50]) | 329 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.15]) | |
| Total | |||||||||||
| Nymph | 2088 | 352 (16.85 [15.31–18.52]) | 2089 | 27 (1.29 [0.89–1.87]) | 1195 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.32]) | 2089 | 61 (2.92 [2.28–3.73]) | 2089 | 2 (0.09 [0.02–0.35]) | |
| Adult | 418 | 167 (39.95 [35.37–44.72]) | 418 | 10 (2.39 [1.30–4.35]) | 418 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.91]) | 418 | 12 (2.87 [1.65–4.95]) | 418 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.91]) | |
| Midwest | |||||||||||
| IN | I. scapularis | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 721 | 107 (14.84 [12.43–17.62]) | 721 | 10 (1.39 [0.76–2.53]) | 721 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.53]) | 721 | 6 (0.83 [0.38–1.80]) | 721 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.53]) | |
| Adult | 1686 | 612 (36.30 [34.04–38.62]) | 1686 | 21 (1.25 [0.82–1.90]) | 1686 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.23]) | 1686 | 41 (2.43 [1.80–3.28]) | 1686 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.23]) | |
| MI | I. scapularis | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 287 | 16 (5.57 [3.46–8.86]) | 287 | 1 (0.35 [0.02–1.95]) | 287 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.32]) | 287 | 6 (2.09 [0.96–4.49]) | 287 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.32]) | |
| Adult | 535 | 113 (21.12 [17.87–24.78]) | 535 | 4 (0.75 [0.29–1.91]) | 535 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.71]) | 536 | 31 (5.78 [4.10–8.09]) | 536 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.71]) | |
| MN | I. scapularis | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 2004 | 464 (23.15 [21.36–25.05]) | 2004 | 19 (0.95 [0.61–1.48]) | 2004 | 12 (0.60 [0.34–1.04]) | 2004 | 109 (5.44 [4.53–6.52]) | 2004 | 85 (4.24 [3.44–5.21]) | |
| Adult | 148 | 48 (32.43 [25.42–40.34]) | 148 | 4 (2.70 [1.06–6.74]) | 148 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–2.53]) | 148 | 7 (4.73 [2.31–9.44]) | 148 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–2.53]) | |
| WI | I. scapularis | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 929 | 930 | 930 | 930 | 930 | ||||||
| 122 (13.13 [11.11–15.46]) | 16 (1.72 [1.06–2.78]) | 3 (0.32 [0.11–0.94]) | 38 (4.09 [2.99–5.56]) | 12 (1.29 [0.74–2.24]) | |||||||
| Adult | 69 | 35 (50.72 [39.21–62.17]) | 69 | 4 (5.80 [2.28–13.98]) | 69 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–5.27]) | 69 | 7 (10.14 [5.00–19.49]) | 69 | 7 (10.14 [5.00–19.49]) | |
| Total | |||||||||||
| Nymph | 3941 | 709 (17.99 [16.82–19.22]) | 3942 | 46 (1.17 [0.88–1.55]) | 3942 | 15 (0.38 [0.23–0.62]) | 3942 | 159 (4.03 [3.46–4.69]) | 3942 | 97 (2.46 [2.02–2.99]) | |
| Adult | 2438 | 808 (33.14 [31.30I 35.04]) | 2438 | 33 (1.35 [0.97–1.89]) | 2438 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.16]) | 2439 | 86 (3.53 [2.86–4.33]) | 2439 | 7 (0.29 [0.14I 0.59]) | |
| Southeast | |||||||||||
| AL | I. scapularis | n | n | n | n | n | |||||
| Nymph | 3 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–56.15]) | 3 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–56.15]) | 3 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–56.15]) | 3 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–56.15]) | 3 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–56.15]) | |
| Adult | 22 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–14.87]) | 22 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–14.87]) | 22 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–14.87]) | 22 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–14.87]) | 22 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–14.87]) | |
| MS | I. scapularis | ||||||||||
| Nymph | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Adult | 70 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–5.20]) | 70 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–5.20]) | 70 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–5.20]) | 70 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–5.20]) | 70 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–5.20]) | |
| TN | I. scapularis | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 3 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–56.15]) | 3 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–56.15]) | 3 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–56.15]) | 3 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–56.15]) | 3 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–56.15]) | |
| Adult | 211 | 5 (2.37 [1.02–5.43]) | 211 | 2 (0.95 [0.26–3.39]) | 211 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.79]) | 211 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.79]) | 211 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.79]) | |
| Total | |||||||||||
| Nymph | 6 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.39]) | 6 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.39]) | 6 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.39]) | 6 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.39]) | 6 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.39]) | |
| Adult | 303 | 5 (1.65 [0.71–3.80]) | 303 | 2 (0.66 [0.18–2.37]) | 303 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.25]) | 303 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.25]) | 303 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.25]) | |
| Northwest | |||||||||||
| OR | I. pacificus | ||||||||||
| Nymph | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Adult | 243 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.56]) | 243 | 2 (0.82 [0.23–2.95]) | 243 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.56]) | 243 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.56]) | 243 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–1.56]) | |
| WA | I. pacificus | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 20 | 1 (5.00 [0.26–23.61]) | 20 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–16.11]) | 15 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–20.39]) | 20 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–16.11]) | 20 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–16.11]) | |
| Adult | 501 | 17 (3.39 [2.13–5.37]) | 501 | 11 (2.20 [1.23–3.89]) | 387 | 0 (0.00 [0.00 – 0.98]) | 501 | 8 (1.60 [0.81–3.12]) | 501 | 0 (0.00 [0.00 – 0.76]) | |
| Total | |||||||||||
| Nymph | 20 | 1 (5.00 [0.89–23.61]) | 20 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–16.11]) | 15 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–20.39]) | 20 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–16.11]) | 20 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–16.11]) | |
| Adult | 744 | 17 (2.28 [1.43–3.63]) | 744 | 13 (1.75 [1.03–2.97]) | 630 | 0 (0.00 [0.00 – 0.61]) | 744 | 8 (1.08 [0.55–2.11]) | 744 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.51]) | |
| Total | Ixodes spp. | ||||||||||
| Nymph | 7336 | 1335 (18.20 [17.33–19.10]) | 7341 | 88 (1.20 [0.97–1.47]) | 5872 | 15 (0.26 [0.15–0.42]) | 7341 | 294 (4.00 [3.58–4.45]) | 7341 | 172 (2.34 [2.02–2.71]) | |
| Adult | 5963 | 2246 (37.67 [36.44–38.90]) | 5988 | 82 (1.37 [1.10–1.70]) | 5850 | 0 (0.00 [0.00–0.07]) | 6059 | 280 (4.62 [4.12–5.18]) | 6059 | 83 (1.37 [1.11–1.69]) | |
†
ME: Maine; NY: New York; PA: Pennsylvania; VT: Vermont; DC: Washington, D.C.; KY: Kentucky; MD: Maryland; NC: North Carolina; VA: Virginia; IN: Indiana; MI: Michigan; MN: Minnesota; WI: Wisconsin; AL: Alabama; MS: Mississippi; TN: Tennessee; OR: Oregon; WA: Washington.
††
Testing for B. mayonii was not initiated until 2017, thus samples tested prior to 2017 were not tested for B. mayonii.