Table 1.1.

Examples of Risk Factors for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).

Static, nonmodifiable risk factors

Dynamic, potentially modifiable risk factors

Female sex Family history of mood disorders History of adverse childhood events/maltreatment Death of spouse

Chronic and nonpsychiatric medical illnesses Psychiatric comorbidities, especially anxiety disorders Alcohol and substance use disorders Insomnia, night shift work Periods of hormonal changes (e.g., puberty, pregnancy, postpartum, and perimenopause) Recent stressful life events Job strain/income inequality Bereavement Peer victimization/bullying/cyberbullying Gender dysphoria Sedentary lifestyle/screen time