Table 1:

Categorization of lag estimation methods in the recent literature.

Lag estimation method	Example
Heuristic	Correia et al. (2018)
Hydraulic residence time (Zenger and Ylinen 1994)	Sayda and Taylor (2003)
Lipschitz index (He and Asada 1993)	Wang and Chen (2006) Sainlez and Heyen (2013) Rebello et al. (2022)
Correlation analysis	Dahlbäck (2020) Graziani and Xibilia (2021) Topalian et al. (2022) Ekbåge et al. (2019)
Feature engineering	Lee et al. (2006) Galicia et al. (2011) Graziani and Xibilia (2019) Graziani and Xibilia (2021) Chen and Zhao (2020) John and Ferbinteanu (2021)
Hyperparameter tuning	Ettaleb et al. (1998) Almeida and Park (2013) Matos et al. (2008) Mechaqrane and Zouak (2004) Chetouani (2008) El-Din and Smith (2002) Galicia et al. (2011)