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. 2024 Jul 23;12(8):1630. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12081630

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Illustration depicting the multifaceted effects of insulin on immune cells (T cells and macrophages), chondrocytes, and osteoclasts, emphasizing its regulatory role in immune response modulation, cartilage maintenance, and bone metabolism. Th17—T helper 17 cells, Glut1—Glucose transporter 1, mTOR—mammalian target of rapamycin, MMP-13—Matrix metalloproteinase-13, IL-1β—Interleukin-1 beta, IL-8—Interleukin-8, PGE2—Prostaglandin E2, M1—M1 macrophages (classically activated macrophages), M2—M2 macrophages (alternatively activated macrophages), RANK—Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B, RANKL—RANK ligand. Figure 1 has been created in BioRender.com (accessed on 2 July 2024).