Table 1.
Assessed risk stratification tools for the prediction of COVID-19 outcomes.
| Tool | Original Purpose | Parameters Included |
|---|---|---|
| qSOFA | Identify patients with infection at high risk of in-hospital mortality |
GCS, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure |
| NEWS | Early detection of clinical deterioration (general) |
Respiratory rate, SpO2, O2 supplementation, body temperature, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, AVPU |
| CURB-65 | Predict 30-day mortality in community-acquired pneumonia |
Age, confusion, BUN or urea, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure |
| 4C | Predict in-hospital mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients |
Age, sex at birth, number of comorbidities a, respiratory rate, SpO2 at room air, GCS, urea, CRP |
| COVID-SEIMC | Predict 30-day mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients |
Age, sex, age-adjusted SpO2, NLR, eGFR, dyspnea |
| COVID-IRS (NLR) | Predict the need for mechanical ventilation in hospitalized COVID-19 patients | Respiratory rate, SpO2/FiO2 ratio, LDH, NLR |
a The number of comorbidities out of chronic cardiac disease, chronic respiratory disease (excluding asthma), chronic renal disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤ 30), mild to severe liver disease, dementia, chronic neurological conditions, connective tissue disease, diabetes mellitus (diet-, tablet-, or insulin-controlled), HIV or AIDS, and malignancy. Abbreviations: qSOFA: quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale. NEWS: National Early Warning Score. SpO2: peripheral oxygen saturation. AVPU: Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive scale. BUN: blood urea nitrogen. 4C: 4C mortality score. CRP: C-reactive protein. SEIMC: Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology). NLR: neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio. eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. IRS: intubation risk score. FiO2: fraction of inspired oxygen. LDH: lactate dehydrogenase.