Figure 10.

Neutrophil multifaceted death pathways in inflammatory conditions. Neutrophils are generated in the bone marrow through granulopoiesis and subsequently enter the circulatory system. Depending on the specific microenvironment, neutrophils undergo various mechanisms of cell death. These mechanisms encompass both non-lytic apoptosis and lytic death modalities, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and NETosis. These lytic processes are accompanied by the release of cytotoxic cellular proteases, cell-free DNA, and chromatin into the microenvironment. Each death pathway operates through distinct molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks, ultimately resulting in either immunosuppressive or pro-inflammatory outcomes. Defects in the clearance of apoptotic neutrophils and the accumulation of cellular remnants contribute to the onset of inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorders (Reprinted from [181] under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license). Abbreviations: DAMP, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns; IL1-ꞵ, Interleukin 1-ꞵ; NET, Neutrophil Extracellular Traps; PE-OOH, Phosphatidylethanolamine Hydroperoxide (The detection of anti-phosphatidylethanolamine autoantibodies will not be discussed here) [183].