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. 2024 Aug 16;13(8):994. doi: 10.3390/antiox13080994

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic diagram of the biosynthesis pathway of carotenoid in citrus fruit. The carotenoids and genes analysed in this work are bold-lettered. G3P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; DXP, deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate; MEP, methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate; GGPP, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; DXS, DXP synthase; DXR, DXP reductoisomerase; HDS, HDR, hydroxymethylbutenyl 4-diphosphate reductase; GGPPS, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase;PSY, phytoene synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; ZDS, ζ- carotene desaturase; ε-LCY, lycopene ε-cyclase; β-LCY1, lycopene β-cyclase 1; β-LCY2, lycopene β-cyclase 2; β-CHX, β-carotene hydroxylase; εCHX, ε-carotene hydroxylase; ZEP, zeaxanthin epoxidase; VDE, violaxanthin de-epoxidase; NSY, neoxanthin synthase. Metabolites are coloured according to their colours, whereas black indicates no colour. Dotted rectangles separate different groups of carotenoids.