Table 2.
Tooth emergence and other life history parameters for 47 non-primate species of placental mammals 1.
| Birth Status | Weight | Timed Events in Life History (Years) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Order
Family Genus Species |
Category 2 | No. Decid. Birth | Body (kg) | Brain (g) | Gest. Length | Weaning | Complete Deciduous Dentition |
M1 Emergence | M2 Emergence |
| Scandentia | |||||||||
| Tupaiidae | |||||||||
| Tupaia glis 3 [76] | A | 0 | 0.170 | 3.20 | 0.123 | 0.099 | 0.066 | ≅0.085 | - |
| Rodentia | |||||||||
| Cricetidae | |||||||||
| Myodes glareolus [112] | A | 0 | 0.022 | 0.52 | 0.058 | 0.060 | - | 0.027 | 0.041 |
| Hystricidae | |||||||||
| Hystrix africaeaustralis [113] | Lj | 4 | 17.667 | 22.42 | 0.256 | 0.277 | 0.038 | 0.188 | 0.458 |
| Sciuridae | |||||||||
| Sciurus carolinensis [114] | A | 0 | 0.503 | 7.41 | 0.121 | 0.178 | - | 0.134 | - |
| Tamiasciurus hudsonicus [115] | A | 0.202 | 3.67 | 0.093 | 0.137 | - | 0.128 | - | |
| Thryonomyidae | |||||||||
| Thryonomys swinderianus [116] | P | 4 | 3.580 | 13.28 | 0.425 | 0.083 | - | 0.058 | 0.334 |
| Perissodactyla | |||||||||
| Equidae | |||||||||
| Equus burchelli [117] | P | 0 | 227.600 | 612.00 | 1.00 | 0.750 | 0.420 | 0.875 | 1.750 |
| Tapiridae | |||||||||
| Tapirus terrestris 4 [118] | P | 0 | 158.489 | 181.97 | 1.09 | 0.792 | - | ≈1.2 | - |
| Rhinocerotidae | |||||||||
| Ceratotherium simum [119,120] | P | 0 | 1396.000 | 642.00 | 1.315 | 1.00 | 0.384 | 2.75 | - |
| Diceros bicornis [120,121] | P | 0 | 954.993 | 616.60 | 1.299 | 1.66 | 0.384 | 2.0 | 4.0 |
| Artiodactyla | |||||||||
| Antilocapridae | |||||||||
| Antilocapra americana [122] | P | ≥4 | 46.750 | 125.60 | 0.690 | 0.250 | 0.058 | 0.167 | 0.458 |
| Bovidae | |||||||||
| Aepyceros melampus [123] | P | 8 | 47.000 | 181.70 | 0.559 | 0.460 | 0.125 | 0.330 | 0.792 |
| Antidorcas marsupialis [124] | P | 20 | 36.518 | 135.00 | 0.468 | 0.329 | - | 0.083 | 0.625 |
| Bison bonasus [125,126] | P | ≥18 | 900.000 | 665.142 | 0.740 | 0.550 | 0.104 | 0.542 | 1.417 |
| Connochaetes taurinus [127] | P | 6 | 154.667 | 365.60 | 0.690 | 0.667 | - | 0.458 | 1.167 |
| Hemitragus jemlahicus [128] | P | ≅14 | 70.000 | 166.00 | 0.575 | 0.414 | 0.019 | 0.208 | 0.958 |
| Saiga tatarica [129] | P | 8 | 40.000 | 96.67 | 0.416 | 0.243 | - | 0.125 | 0.292 |
| Sylvicapra grimmia [130,131] | P | 8 | 12.625 | 77.20 | 0.452 | 0.287 | 0.043 | 0.229 | 0.790 |
| Taurotragus oryx [132,133] | P | 20 | 531.50 | 578.00 | 0.729 | 0.500 | prenatal | 0.528 | 1.50 |
| Cervidae | |||||||||
| Alces alces [134] | P | ≥8 | 272.160 | 406.50 | 0.666 | 0.274 | 0.067 | 0.231 | 0.666 |
| Cervus elaphus [135,136] | P | 8 | 120.177 | 379.20 | 0.671 | 0.333 | 0.019 | 0.330 | 1.125 |
| Muntiacus reevesi [137] | P | 22 | 13.500 | 70.17 | 0.545 | 0.166 | prenatal | 0.207 | 0.577 |
| Odocoileus virginianus [138] | P | ≥8 | 65.000 | 210.00 | 0.559 | 0.330 | 0.058 | 0.180 | 0.656 |
| Rangifer tarandus [139] | P | ≅22 | 106.360 | 299.00 | 0.625 | 0.330 | prenatal? | 0.170 | 0.833 |
| Giraffa camelopardalis [140] | P | 18 | 828.000 | 678.30 | 1.252 | 1.0 | 0.040 | 0.917 | 2.0 |
| Hippopotamidae | |||||||||
| Hippopotamus amphibius [141] | P | 6+ | 1553.000 | 651.00 | 0.641 | 0.934 | 0.75 | ≈1.5 | 8? |
| Suidae | |||||||||
| Potamochoerus porcus [142] | Lj | 8 | 130.000 | 155.60 | 0.334 | 0.250 | 0.265 | 0.438 | 1.212 |
| Sus scrofa [143] | Lj | 8 | 117.000 | 188.20 | 0.315 | 0.290 | 0.261 | 0.472 | 1.055 |
| Tayassuidae | |||||||||
| Pecari tajacu [144] | Lj | 6 | 8.430 | 66.00 | 0.397 | 0.130 | 0.165 | 0.400 | 0.819 |
| Tragulidae | |||||||||
| Hyemoschus aquaticus [42] | P | - | 10.800 | 25.20 | 0.479 | 0.493 | - | 0.417 | 0.830 |
| Carnivora | |||||||||
| Canidae | |||||||||
| Canis mesomelas [67] | A | 0 | 8.500 | 51.42 | 0.173 | 0.164 | 0.053 | 0.356 | 0.389 |
| Cerdocyon thous [145] | A | 0 | 5.240 | 41.80 | 0.151 | 0.250 | 0.089 | - | - |
| Vulpes vulpes [68] | A | 0 | 8.000 | 43.38 | 0.143 | 0.131 | 0.079 | 0.327 | 0.356 |
| Felidae | |||||||||
| Lynx rufus [146] | A | 0 | 8.900 | 57.97 | 0.178 | 0.238 | 0.135 | 0.442 | x 5 |
| Panthera leo [69] | A | 0 | 161.500 | 223.63 | 0.299 | 0.602 | 0.208 | 1.042 | x |
| Hyaenidae | |||||||||
| Crocuta crocuta [147,148,149] | Lj | 16 | 63.000 | 144.03 | 0.301 | 0.726 | 0.164 | 0.833 | x |
| Mustelidae | |||||||||
| Eira barbera [150] | A | 0 | 3.910 | 35.87 | 0.181 | 0.226 | 0.242 | 0.533 | 0.568 |
| Enhydra lutris [151] | ? | 10 + V | 23.500 | 125.21 | 0.384 | 0.481 | 0.060 | 0.580 | - |
| Mephitis mephitis [152] | A | V | 2.090 | 10.28 | 0.173 | 0.164 | prenatal | 0.134 | 0.138 |
| Neovison vison [153] | A | 0 | 0.645 | 7.00 | 0.115 | 0.133 | 0.110 | 0.157 | 0.171 |
| Procyonidae | |||||||||
| Procyon lotor [154] | A | 0 | 5.530 | 40.04 | 0.173 | 0.246 | 0.135 | 0.214 | - |
| Ursidae | |||||||||
| Ailuropoda melanoleuca [155] | A | 0 | 108.400 | 235.10 | 0.369 | 0.885 | 0.384 | 1.0 | - |
| Ursus arctos 6 [156] | A | 0 | 172.720 | 338.30 | 0.282 | 0.584 | 0.315 | 0.372 | 0.567 |
| Pinnepedia (sub-order) | |||||||||
| Phocidae | |||||||||
| Mirounga leonina [157] | P | V | 2470.625 | 700.88 | 0.603 | 0.058 | prenatal | 0.074 | x |
| Hyracoidea | |||||||||
| Procaviidae | |||||||||
| Procavia capensis [158] | P | 3.090 | 20.07 | 0.589 | 0.317 | - | 0.542 | 1.167 | |
|
Probosciodea
Elephantidae |
|||||||||
| Loxodonta africana [159,160] | P | 4 | 4353.167 | 5806.67 | 1.836 | 3.500 | - | 6.0 | 14.50 |
| Macroscelidea | |||||||||
| Macroscelididae | |||||||||
| Macroscelides proboscideus [108,161] | P | 0.039 | 1.34 | 0.178 | 0.052 | - | 0.095 | 0.233 | |
1 Sources: dental data in table; body and brain weights [105,106,107,108,109], gestation and weaning [59,106,107], except as noted. 2 Birth status: Dietrich Starck categories of newborn development in Langer [6] (A, altricial; P, precocial; Tr, Tragejunge; Lj, Lagerjunge); number of teeth emerged at birth (0, ‘naked gums’; ‘10 + V’, 10 functional teeth plus other vestigial teeth); the sea otter, Enhydra lutris, is unique, born in the sea with eyes open and hair through. 3 For Tupaia, M1 was previously predicted [63] to emerge 5 days after its complete deciduous dentition by a primate regression (R2 = 0.99), the only predicted datum here. 4 For Tapirus, adding Simpson’s record of a 13-month-old with no M2 erupted (implying that M1 had erupted) to British Museum Natural History specimen 75–571, a tagged 468-day-old zoo specimen with M1s erupting, not quite emerged, makes an age category with 50% M1 emerged at 1.1–1.3 yr. Published deciduous completion data are contradictory. 5 x, not present in species. 6 For cubs overwintered, Ursus arctos weaning estimated at 1.15 yr; for overwintering in Cervus elaphus, see text.