Table 2.
Micronutrients and bioactive compounds of diverse botanical parts of PFSP.
| Composition | Flesh | Leaves | Peel | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minerals | ||||
| Macroelements | ||||
| K | (mg/100 g DW) | 1200 1 | 1786.56 14 | 5572 11 |
| Ca | (mg/100 g DW) | 98.20 1 | 0.26 14 | 134.30 11 |
| Mg | (mg/100 g DW) | 120.40 1 | 0.16 14 | 49.7 11 |
| Na | (mg/100 g DW) | 55.00 1 | 0.31 14 | 38310 11 |
| Microelements | ||||
| Zn | (mg/100 g DW) | 1.11 1 | 1.99 14 | 7.5 11 |
| Se | (mg/100 g DW) | 0.23 10 | - | - |
| Fe | (mg/100 g DW) | 1.95 1 | 22.01 14 | 4.10 11 |
| Mn | (mg/100 g DW) | 2.08 1 | 3.90 14 | 15 11 |
| Cu | (mg/100 g DW) | 0.69 1 | 0.005 14 | 0.94 11 |
| Vitamins | ||||
| Vitamin B1 | (mg/100 g DW) | 1.89 1 | - | - |
| Vitamin B2 | (mg/100 g DW) | 0.83 1 | - | - |
| Vitamin B3 | (mg/100 g DW) | 2.56 1 | - | - |
| Vitamin C | (mg/100 g DW) | 63.40 1 | 0.30 14 | - |
| (mg/100 mL DW) | - | - | 0.74 16 | |
| Vitamin E | (mg/100 g DW) | 11.2 15 | - | - |
| No Flavonoids | ||||
| Phenolic Compounds | ||||
| m-Hydroxybenzoic acid | (mg/g DW) | 0.11 2 | - | - |
| P-hydroxybenzoic acid | (mg/100 g DW) | 11.34 22 | - | - |
| 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | (μg/g DW) | 3.67 23 | - | - |
| Protocatechuic acid-3-glucoside | (mg/g DW) | 0.12 2 | - | - |
| Chlorogenic acid | (mg/g DW) | 0.34 2 | 24.90 24 | - |
| Neochlorogenic acid | (mg/100 g DW) | - | 158.40 24 | - |
| Cryptochlorogenic acid | (mg/g DW) | 0.07 2 | 2.06 24 | - |
| Isochlorogenic acid | (mg/g DW) | 0.20 2 | - | - |
| Caffeic acid | (mg/g DW) | 0.17 6 | - | 0.34 25 |
| (mg/Kg DW) | - | 629.45 17 | - | |
| Caffeoyl-hexoside | (mg/100 g DW) | - | - | 142 25 |
| 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid | (mg/100 g DW) | 47 | 93 | 245.30 25 |
| 3,4-di-O-caffeoylqunic acid | (mg/g DW) | - | 3.79 24 | 0.50 25 |
| 3,5-di-O-caffeoylqunic acid | (mg/g DW) | - | 4.16 24 | 6.07 25 |
| Dicaffeoyl quinic acid isomer 1 | (mg/g DW) | 4.76 2 | - | - |
| (mg/Kg DW) | - | 1051 17 | - | |
| Dicaffeoyl quinic acid isomer 2 | (mg/g DW) | 2.56 2 | - | - |
| (mg/Kg DW) | - | 191.32 17 | - | |
| p-Coumaric acid | (mg/g DW) | 0.72 6 | - | - |
| Trans-p-coumaric acid | (mg/100 g DW) | 5 04 22 | - | - |
| Coumaroyl-hexoside | (mg/100 g DW) | - | - | 60 25 |
| Ferulic acid | (mg/g DW) | 0.15 2 | - | - |
| Feruloyl glucose | (mg/g DW) | 8.09 2 | - | - |
| Feruloyl sucrose | (mg/g DW) | 9.52 2 | - | - |
| Feruloylquinic acid | (mg/100 g DW) | - | - | 22.10 25 |
| 3-Feruloyl quinic acid | (mg/g DW) | 10.62 2 | - | - |
| 4-Feruloyl quinic acid | (mg/g DW) | 11.77 2 | - | - |
| 1,5-Diferuloyl quinic acid | (mg/g DW) | 29.56 2 | - | - |
| 3-Feruloyl-4-caffeoyl quinic acid | (mg/g DW) | 11.77 2 | - | - |
| 1-Feruloyl-5-caffeoyl quinic acid | (mg/g DW) | 191.57 2 | - | - |
| Salicylic acid | (μg/g DW) | 197.88 23 | - | - |
| Protocatechuic acid | (μg/g DW) | 74.72 23 | - | - |
| Vanillic acid | (mg/100 g DW) | 1.98 22 | - | - |
| Flavonoids | ||||
| Anthocyanins | ||||
| Cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside | (mg PN3GE/kg DW) | 312.10 7 | 3.80 7 | - |
| (mg/100 g DW) | - | - | 50.6 25 | |
| Cyanidin 3-(6″-caffeoyl sophoroside)-5-glucoside | (mg/100 g DW) | 58.00 19 | - | 3.6 25 |
| Cyanidin 3-dicaffeoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside | (mg/g DW) | 12.20 20 | - | - |
| Cyanidin 3-(6″-feruloyl sophoroside)-5-glucoside | (mg/100 g DW) | 95.00 19 | - | 178.4 25 |
| Cyanidin 3-caffeoyl-p-gydroxybenzoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside | (mg/g DW) | 14.80 20 | - | - |
| Cyanidin 3-caffeoyl-feruloyl sophoroside-5-glucoside | (mg/g DW) | 16.20 20 | - | - |
| Peonidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside | (mg PN3GE/kg DW) | 52.90 7 | 0.80 7 | - |
| (mg/100 g DW) | - | - | 120 25 | |
| p-hydroxybenzoylated (Cyanidin 3-sophoreside-5-glucoside) | (mg PN3GE/kg DW) | 604.60 7 | 2.70 7 | - |
| Caffeoylated (Cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside) | (mg PN3GE/kg DW) | 180.10 7 | 3.30 7 | - |
| p-hydroxybenzoylated (Peonidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside) | (mg PN3GE/kg DW) | 132.80 7 | 1.00 7 | - |
| Caffeoylated (Peonidin 3-sopheroside-5-glucoside) | (mg PN3GE/kg DW) | 46.60 7 | 1.00 7 | - |
| Feruloylated (Cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside) | (mg PN3GE/kg DW) | 297 7 | 1.10 7 | - |
| Cyanidin 3-(6,6′-dicaffeoyl-sophoroside)-5-glucoside | (mg PN3GE/kg DW) | 1481.40 7 | 11.60 7 | - |
| Cyanidin 3-(6,6′-caffeoylphydroxybenzoyl sophoroside)-5-glucoside | (mg PN3GE/kg DW) | 5667.90 7 | 9.80 7 | - |
| Cyanidin 3-(6,6′-caffeoylferuloylsophoroside)-5-glucoside | (mg PN3GE/kg DW) | 1877.30 7 | 1.90 7 | - |
| Peonidin 3-(6″-feruloyl sophoroside)-5-glucoside | (mg/100 g DW) | 29 19 | - | - |
| Peonidin 3-(6,6′-dicaffeoylsophoroside)-5-glueoside | (mg PN3GE/kg DW) | 381.60 7 | 2.30 7 | - |
| Peonidin 3-feruloyl-p-hydroxybenzoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside | (mg/g DW) | 5.81 20 | - | 1.12 25 |
| Peonidin 3-(6″, 6‴-diferuloyl sophoroside)-5-glucoside | (mg/g DW) | 2.43 20 | - | - |
| Peonidin 3-(6‴-caffeoyl sophoroside)-5-glucoside | (mg/g DW) | 2.29 20 | - | - |
| Peonidin 3-feruloyl sophoroside-5-glucoside | (mg/g DW) | 7.12 20 | - | - |
| Peonidin 3-dicaffeoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside | (mg/g DW) | 57.90 20 | - | - |
| Peonidin 3-caffeoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside | (mg/100 g DW) | 275 19 | - | - |
| Peonidin 3-caffeoyl-p-hydroxybenzoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside | (mg/100 g DW) | 116 19 | - | - |
| Peonidin 3-(6,6′-caffeoylphydroxybenzoyl sophoroside)-5-glucoside | (mg PN3GE/kg DW) | 1620.90 7 | 1.30 7 | - |
| Peonidin 3-(6,6′-caffeoylferuloylsophoroside)-5-glucoside | (mg PN3GE/kg DW) | 344.30 7 | 1.00 7 | - |
| Peonidin 3-caffeoyl-feruloyl sophoroside-5-glucoside | (mg/g DW) | 69.20 20 | - | - |
| Peonidin 3-caffeoyl-p-coumarylsophoroside-5-glucoside | (mg PN3GE/kg DW) | 59.30 7 | 1.10 7 | - |
| Peonidin 3-coumaryl-p-hydroxybenzoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside | (mg/g DW) | 1.81 20 | - | - |
| Cyanidin-based anthocyanin | (mg/kg DW) | 6964 8 | - | - |
| (μg/g FW) | - | 83.32 13 | - | |
| Peonidin-based anthocyanin | (mg/kg DW) | 2269 8 | - | - |
| (μg/g FW) | - | 44.01 13 | - | |
| Flavonols and Flavones | ||||
| Kaempferol | (μg/g DW) | 23.38 21 | - | - |
| (mg/100 g DW) | nd 9 | 60.9 9 | nd 9 | |
| Luteolin | (μg/g DW) | 15.17 21 | - | - |
| Myricetin | (μg/g DW) | 152.11 21 | - | - |
| (mg/100 g DW) | 42.1 9 | 36.7 9 | 20.6 9 | |
| Apigenin-6-C-glucoside-8-C-arabinoside | (mg/g DW) | 0.82 2 | - | - |
| Naringenin | (mg/g DW) | 1.12 2 | - | - |
| Naringenin-glucoside | (mg/g DW) | 0.24 2 | - | - |
| Isoquercitin | (mg/100 g DW) | 59.9 9 | 268.3 9 | 33.9 9 |
| Quercetin-3-galactoside | (mg/g DW) | 0.91 2 | 0.78 24 | - |
| (mg/Kg DW) | - | 455.13 17 | - | |
| Quercetin diglucoside | (mg/g DW) | 1.02 2 | - | - |
| Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside | (mg/g DW) | 0.94 2 | - | - |
| Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside 4-rhamnoside | (mg/g DW) | 2.12 2 | - | - |
| Epicatechin derivative | (mg/g DW) | 0.10 2 | - | - |
| 3′-O-Methylepicatechin derivatives | (mg/g DW) | 0.05 2 | - | - |
| 4′-Methyl-epigallocatechin derivatives | (mg/g DW) | 0.09 2 | - | - |
| 4′-Methyl-epigallocatechin derivatives | (mg/g DW) | 0.02 2 | - | - |
| Carotenoids | ||||
| Lutein | (mg/100 g DW) | - | 100.22 17 | - |
| (μg/g DW) | 0.28 21 | - | - | |
| Zeaxanthin | (mg/100 g DW) | - | 33.60 17 | - |
| (μg/g DW) | 0.11 21 | |||
| β-Cryptoxanthin | (mg/100 g DW) | 0.07 18 | - | - |
| α-Carotene | (μg/g DW) | nd 21 | - | - |
| (All E)-β-Carotene | (μg/g DW) | 1.53 21 | - | - |
| (9Z)-β-Carotene | (μg/g DW) | 0.02 21 | - | - |
| (13Z)-β-Carotene | (μg/g DW) | 0.28 21 | - | - |
| All-Trans-β-carotene | (mg/100 g DW) | 0.30 18 | 56.94 17 | - |
| Cis-β-carotene | (mg/100 g DW) | - | 7.11 17 | - |
| ABTS | (mg AAE/100 g DW) | 710 9 | 5300 9 | 880 9 |
| DPPH | (mg TE/100 mg DW) | 0.77 5 | - | 0.03 11 |
| (mg AAE/100 g DW) | 330 9 | 2920 9 | 410 9 | |
| FRAP | (mg TE/100 g DW) | 46 9 | 550 9 | 47 9 |
| TA | (mg GAE/100 mg DW) | 94.80 4 | - | - |
| (mg CGE/100 g DW) | 170 9 | 1010 9 | 230 9 | |
| TPC | (mg GAE/100 mg DW) | 167.40 3 | 3.68 7 | 289.01 12 |
DW: dry weight; FW: fresh weight; FRAP: ferric reducing ability of plasma; TA: total content of anthocyanins; TPC: total content of phenolic compounds; GAE: gallic acid equivalent; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ABTS: 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid; nd: not detected; PN3GE: peonidin 3-glucoside equivalent; AAE: ascorbic acid equivalent; TE: Trolox equivalent; CGE: cyandin-3-glucoside equivalent. 1 Mean values of PFSP cultivated in Wanju-Gun rural guidance center [65]; 2 Mean values of dry hydroalcoholic purple sweet potato [82]; 3 Mean values of the purple-fleshed sweet potato genotype “JNRX12” [83]; 4 Mean values of the purple-fleshed sweet potato genotypes “JNRX2” [83]; 5 Mean values of the purple-fleshed sweet potato genotypes “Trabuca” [83]; 6 Mean values of the purple-fleshed sweet potato genotype “JNRX1” [83]; 7 Mean values leaves or flesh of PFSP “P40” [74]; 8 Mean values of the purple-fleshed sweet potato variety “Gyebone108” [84]; 9 Mean values of the PFSP variety “Yuzi No. 7” [85]; 10 Mean values of the PFSP variety “Jishu No.2” [63]; 11 Mean value of a PFSP variety bought from the King’s market, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria [86]; 12 Mean value of Ipomoea batatas Lam cv. Anggun 1 harvested in Malaysia [87]; 13 Mean value of the PFSP cultivar Fushu No. 317 [74]; 14 Mean value of PFSP from community gardens in Koya Koso Jayapura [88]; 15 Mean value of PFSP accession from a farmer’s field for planting material [89]; 16 Mean value of Ipomoea batatas Lam cv. Anggun 1 [90]; 17 Mean value of PFSP leaves of Purple-purple X VS-8 WAP, and Purple-purple X TMS-16 WAP samples [91]; 18 Mean value of the PFSP variety Yeonjami [92]; 19 Mean value of the PFSP variety P40 [93]; 20 Mean value of Ipomoea batatas L. cultivar Eshu No. 8 [33]; 21 Mean value of the PFSP cultivar Sinjami [94]; 22 Mean value of the PFSP cultivar Dphi potato 1, Wuxi, and Jiangsu [95]; 23 Mean value of the PFSP cv. Yeonjami [96]; 24 Mean value of a purple sweet potato cultivar [97]; 25 Mean value of the PFSP genotype Ea3-1 [75].