Table 5.
Adjusted associations between sleep impairment and PROMs, estimated by multivariate linear and logistic regression models.
| Symptoms | n | CASIS Scale Score | Low Sleep Quality CASIS ≥ 30 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
| CAT score | 238 | 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) | <0.001 | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | <0.001 |
| CAT score ≥ 10 | 238 | 16.1 (12, 20.2) | <0.001 | 9.7 (5, 19) | <0.001 |
| Gold Groups | |||||
| B vs. A | 238 | 15.0 (10.9, 19.2) | <0.001 | 8.9 (4.5, 17.6) | <0.001 |
| E vs. A | 238 | 21.7 (15.3, 28.0) | <0.001 | 17.4 (5.1, 59.4) | <0.001 |
| Daytime symptoms | |||||
| Fatigue | |||||
| FSS (range 9–63) | 232 | 0.7 (0.5, 0.8) | <0.001 | 1.1 (1.1, 1.1) | <0.001 |
| FSS ≥ 36 | 232 | 13.4 (9.1, 17.6) | <0.001 | 5.3 (2.8, 9.8) | <0.001 |
| Daytime sleepiness | |||||
| ESS (range 0–24) | 231 | 1.6 (1.2, 2) | <0.001 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | <0.0010 |
| ESS ≥ 11 | 231 | 13 (7.3, 18.7) | <0.001 | 3.2 (1.3, 8.1) | 0.012 |
| Depressive symptoms | |||||
| PHQ-9 (range 0–27) | 231 | 2.1 (1.7, 2.6) | <0.001 | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | <0.0010 |
| PHQ-9 ≥ 10 | 231 | 17.4 (12.1, 22.7) | <0.001 | 6.4 (2.1, 19.1) | 0.001 |
| Anxiety symptoms | |||||
| GAD-7 (range 0–21) | 232 | 1.1 (0.6, 1.6) | <0.001 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | <0.0010 |
| GAD-7 ≥ 10 | 232 | 9.9 (4.6, 15.2) | <0.001 | 3.9 (1.6, 9.2) | 0.002 |
| Insomnia symptoms | |||||
| Athens Insomnia Scale Score (range 0–24) | 229 | 3.3 (3, 3.6) | <0.001 | 2.2 (1.8, 2.8) | <0.001 |
| Athens Insomnia Scale Score ≥ 6 | 229 | 22.5 (18.5, 26.5) | <0.001 | 56.7 (17.9, 180) | <0.001 |
Effect estimates are expressed for a 1-unit increase in each of the continuous scales. All models are adjusted for participants’ age, sex, education, exercise, and BMI (BMI < 30 vs. BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). VIFS for all models were <2.5.