Table 2.
Biomarker concentrations for men and women by quintiles of the DII® score.
| Quintile 1: Most Anti-Inflammatory | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5: Most Pro-Inflammatory | Q5–Q1 Diff | % Diff | p Trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEN | n = 2223 | n = 2223 | n = 2222 | n = 2223 | n = 2222 | |||
| hs-CRP (nmol/L) | 27.4 (51.2) (n = 1603) | 27.7 (50.4) (n = 1609) | 26.5 (45.2) (n = 1590) | 27.5 (54.0) (n = 1622) | 33.1 (72.7) (n = 1610) | 5.7 | 20.9 | 0.006 |
| β-carotene (µmol/L) | 0.42 (0.25) (n = 761) | 0.39 (0.25) (n = 737) | 0.35 (0.22) (n = 727) | 0.33 (0.18) (n = 741) | 0.30 (0.18) (n = 707) | −0.12 | −28.6 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin A (µmol/L) | 1.87 (0.44) (n = 761) | 1.86 (0.45) (n = 737) | 1.84 (0.43) (n = 727) | 1.82 (0.46) (n = 741) | 1.77 (0.43) (n = 707) | −0.1 | −5.4 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin E, adjusted for cholesterol (μmol/mmol) | 4.56 (1.18) (n = 755) | 4.42 (1.13) (n = 723) | 4.39 (0.98) (n = 714) | 4.31 (1.00) (n = 734) | 4.02 (0.92) (n = 697) | −0.55 | −12.0 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C (µmol/L) | 54.3 (17.5) (n = 1993) | 50.9 (17.7) (n = 1973) | 47.5 (17.6) (n = 1967) | 44.2 (18.6) (n = 1981) | 38.7 (18.8) (n = 1952) | −15.6 | −28.8 | <0.001 |
| Magnesium (mmol/L) | 0.82 (0.12) (n = 1602) | 0.81 (0.12) (n = 1608) | 0.82 (0.12) (n = 1591) | 0.81 (0.12) (n = 1617) | 0.81 (0.12) (n = 1611) | −0.001 | −0.15 | <0.001 |
| WOMEN | n = 2682 | n = 2682 | n = 2681 | n = 2682 | n = 2681 | |||
| hs-CRP (nmol/L) | 27.5 (48.2) (n = 1960) | 29.4 (65.2) (n = 1997) | 27.7 (56.5) (n = 2003) | 30.7 (66.2) (n = 1976) | 31.7 (62.5) (n = 1925) | 4.2 | 15.2 | 0.125 |
| β-carotene (µmol/L) | 0.59 (0.35) (n = 693) | 0.49 (0.27) (n = 696) | 0.48 (0.29) (n = 723) | 0.44 (0.28) (n = 704) | 0.40 (0.23) (n = 701) | −0.19 | −32.4 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin A (µmol/L) | 1.78 (0.44) (n = 693) | 1.80 (0.48) (n = 696) | 1.75 (0.42) (n = 723) | 1.72 (0.45) (n = 704) | 1.70 (0.42) (n = 701) | −0.08 | −4.3 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin E, adjusted for cholesterol (μmol/mmol) | 4.64 (1.11) (n = 690) | 4.50 (1.09) (n = 687) | 4.45 (1.05) (n = 711) | 4.37 (1.02) (n = 699) | 4.14 (0.97) (n = 689) | −0.51 | −10.9 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C (µmol/L) | 65.4 (18.6) (n = 2360) | 62.1 (18.3) (n = 2351) | 59.8 (18.4) (n = 2363) | 57.0 (19.4) (n = 2323) | 49.6 (21.2) (n = 2305) | −15.9 | −24.3 | <0.001 |
| Magnesium (mmol/L) | 0.79 (0.13) (n = 1959) | 0.80 (0.12) (n = 1990) | 0.80 (0.12) (n = 1998) | 0.80 (0.12) (n = 1966) | 0.80 (0.12) (n = 1920) | 0.002 | 0.2 | 0.610 |
Values are mean ± SD. %diff = (Q5 − Q1)/Q1 × 100. p-value for trend for continuous variables was calculated using linear regression.