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Experimental design used in the study. Astaxanthin (10, 50, 100 μM) was given before or together with LPS 100 ng/mL. Activation of intracellular signaling pathways (p38, ERK1/2, NF-κB) was analyzed by Western blot. Inflammatory cytokine levels were analyzed by ELISA. Quantification of neutrophil apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
