Table 3.

Correlation between level of self-processing, brain areas, brain activities, personal behavior and mind, bodily experiences, and features of consciousness.

Level of Self-Processing	Specific Areas of the Brain	Brain Network	Brain Activities	Personal Behavior and Mind	Bodily Experiences	Features of Consciousness
Interoceptive- processing	Insula (for the young)/ACC (for the elderly)	Salience network	Functional connectivity	Perception of heartbeat	Subjective perception of bodily awareness	Context- dependent (for the young)/Context- independent (for the elderly)
	AIC	Salience network	Task-based activation	Performance accuracy on the interoceptive task	Interoceptive accuracy to bodily signals	Perceptibility and clarity of consciousness
	Frontal lobe/BG	Default mode network/(/)	Functional connectivity	Self-reported sensitivity to interoceptive information	Sensitivity to internal bodily signals	Sensibility of consciousness
	Visuospatial network	Visuospatial network	Functional connectivity	Maintaining normal cognitive function	Bodily representation ability	Degree of integration and association
	Operculum/right anterior insula	Sensorimotor/salience network	Gray matter volume	Attention to either heart-beat timing or external note quality	Awareness of bodily and stress responses	Accuracy of interoceptive awareness
Exteroceptive- processing	Right PFC/right inferior frontoparietal cortices	Frontoparietal network	Task-based activation	Self-face recognition and facial expression processing	Sense of identification and ownership with one’s own body	Stable, self-bias, and continually updated
	Insula/ACC	Salience network	Functional connectivity	Attention and cognitive control	Focus on sensory signals and bodily state	Integration of bottom-up and top-down sensory information
	ACC (bilateral caudal regions)	Salience network	Task-based activation	Integrating information over long timescales	Fine resolution of multisensory signals	Efficiency of multisensory processing
	Parietal lobe	Default mode network	Task-based activation	Receiving input from sensory-specific cortices	Perception of multisensory input	Representation of multisensory modalities
	Hippocampus	/	Task-based activation	Multisensory representation of the bodily self in space	Bodily self-location and out-of-body experience	Updatable and plastic
	rlPFC/hippocampus	Executive Control Network/(/)	Task-based activation	Performing inference tasks related to Bayesian modeling	/	Hierarchical and complex
Mental-self- processing	dmPFC/LPFC/TPJ	Default mode/frontoparietal network/(/)	Task-based activation	Self-relevance encoding during social affective process	Sensitive to bodily information related to significant others	Context- dependent
	ACC/vmPFC/bilateral insula/right temporal pole	Salience/default mode/(/)/(/)	Task-based activation	Self-relevance encoding during social affective process	Attention to self-focused bodily information	Context- independent
	dmPFC/MTG/IFG/AG	Default mode/auditory/language/visual recognition network	Task-based activation	Processing semantics and integrating personal identity	Sense of identity and distinction of bodily parts	Coherence and stability of self- consciousness
	vmPFC	Default mode network	Task-based activation	Caring about self-evaluation	Sensitive to bodily traits related to self-identity	Constructed by social identity
Multiple levels of self-processing	Insula/ACC	Salience network	Task-based activation	Experiences of complex social emotions	Compassion for physical pain	High-level cognitive processing
	PMC/IPS	Motor/frontoparietal network	Task-based activation	Preferentially processing self-related signals	Self-location and identification	Global unity and temporal continuity
	Rostral PFC	Default mode network	Task-based activation	Comprehending others’ intentions	/	Emotion- dependent
	Right TPJ	/	Task-based activation	Comprehension of self-conscious emotions	/	Impacted by emotions

Note: ACC: anterior cingulate cortex, AIC: anterior insular cortex, BG: basal ganglia, PFC: prefrontal cortex, rlPFC: rostrolateral prefrontal cortex, dmPFC: dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, LPFC: lateral prefrontal cortex, TPJ: temporoparietal junction, vmPFC: ventromedial prefrontal cortex, MTG: middle temporal gyrus, IFG: inferior frontal gyrus, AG: angular gyrus, PMC: premotor cortex, IPS: intraparietal sulcus.