Table 1.

Articles adopted for the study: selected.

Author	Study Purpose	Study Design	Country/Research Area	Study Results
Adejumo et al. (2021) [30]	To assess the GBV experience of IDP women in their camp	Quantitative cross-sectional study involving 288 women IDPs in Edo State, Nigeria	Edo State, Southern Nigeria	-SV was the most common post-conflict challenge faced by women IDPs -This mostly affected adolescents and unmarried women
Agbaje, F.I. (2020) [31]	To examine ways the Boko Haram group objectified the female body and factors fueling such action	Qualitative study adopting FGDs with 50 girls and IdIs with two officials at two IDP camps in Abuja, Nigeria	North-eastern Nigeria	-Female IDPs were used for sexual gratification and profile enhancement by militants -Female IDPs were also used for suicide bombing
Alhassan et al. (2019) [32]	To investigate the influence of the intensity of events, distress disclosure and resilience in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among IDPs in Abuja	Cross-sectional quantitative research design. A convenient sampling technique was adopted to randomly select 55 participants for the study	Abuja, Nigeria	-There was no significant relationship between distress disclosure and PTSD
Bawa et al. (2022) [33]	To examine the impact of violence and forced displacement on female education	Mixed methods: quantitative and qualitative research designs were adopted	North-eastern Nigeria	-Displacement caused sexual violence and disruptions to female education in Maiduguri
Bermudez et al. (2018) [34]	To examine the nature of violence against adolescents in Kiziba Camp, Rwanda	Qualitative study adopting FGDs	Rwanda	-Economic insecurity and resource constraints caused overcrowding in houses in the camp, and adolescents travelled far to collect firewood -Protection mechanism and reporting pathways were underutilised because adolescents expressed concern over stigmatisation arising from disclosure of violence in the camp
Erhardt-Ohren and Lewinger (2020) [9]	To gauge the knowledge of refugees and IDPs on abortion, attitude and practices in LMICs	Qualitative research design	Displaced persons’ camps in LMICs	-Knowledge of abortion was moderate but the practice was embarrassingly low among refugees and displaced persons in LMICs
Hossain et al. (2020) [35]	To examine the relationship between disability, experience of GBV and mental health among refugee women	Cross-sectional quantitative research design	Kenya	-Refugee women with disability experienced a higher proportion of mental health challenges (anxiety, PTSD and depression) arising from SV, IPV and NPSV than those without disability before and after arriving in the camp
Iyakaremye and Mukagatare (2016) [36]	To examine the nexus between forced migration and sexual abuse, particularly among adolescent girls	Qualitative research design using FGDs and IdIs	Kikeme Refugee Camp, Rwanda	-Forms of sexual violence in the camp included rape, unwanted physical touching, sexual exploitation, commercial sex, early marriage and girl trafficking -These negatively affected the girls’ social integration and mental as well as reproductive health
Murphy et al. (2020) [37]	To examine disclosure and help-seeking behaviours of survivors of SV	Cross-sectional quantitative survey	South Sudan	-The odds of reporting SV in conflict settings was higher than in non-conflict settings -Socio-economic status of perpetrators affected the odds of reporting
Murray et al. (2021) [38]	To provide valid measures for sexual violence stigma for incorporation into monitoring and evaluation programmes in humanitarian settings	Cross-sectional quantitative research design	Somalia and Syria	-Stigmatisation from SV affected Somalian survivors differently from those in Syria, but both showed symptoms of depression evidenced by being withdrawn from others
Nara et al. (2019) [4]	To assess the reproductive health needs of displaced Congolese women in camps	Multi-method qualitative study	Uganda	-Congolese refugees in Uganda were unable to access abortion care, thereby resorting to clandestine abortion practices
Obiefuna and Adams (2021) [39]	To investigate the response of religious associations to humanitarian crises faced by female IDPs in NE Nigeria	Mixed methods: quantitative and qualitative research designs were adopted	Borno State, Nigeria	-Female IDPs in NE Nigeria faced SV, environmental racism, hunger and educational marginalisation -Religious associations’ response to the plight of female IDPs in NE Nigeria was rated 98.1% and commended but could be intensified
Oladeji et al. (2021) [6]	To report on the disclosure and outcomes of sexual violence-related pregnancies (SVRP)	Snowball technique was adopted to identify women with SVRP	North-eastern Nigeria	-SVRP was common in humanitarian settings, and fear of stigmatisation prevented victims from early disclosure -Women with SVRP preferred to disclose the situation to their close friends prior disclosure to healthcare providers or family members
Pham et al. (2020) [40]	To access the magnitude of SV and trust in the judicial system to prosecute offenders	Adopted a qualitative research design. Interviews were conducted in 4 waves among 25,143 adults resident in humanitarian settings in the Central African Republic between 2017 and 2018	Central African Republic (CAR)	-SV in conflict settings in displaced people’s camps was so rampant that it was described as “an epidemic” -Respondents positively perceived efforts to combat SV, and trust in the judicial system to prosecute offenders was growing -Disclosure was still, however, low as only one in five victims disclosed their ordeal
Stark et al. (2017) [41]	To compare disclosure behaviours of the sexually violated between individual and group reporting	A mixed methods research design was adopted for this study. Quantitative data were obtained from 1788 IDP girls and adolescents in Sudan and Ethiopia. For qualitative sources, data were obtained from 165 adolescent girls across 28 camps in Ethiopia and Sudan, comprising 5 or 6 girls in each group	Congo DRC and Ethiopia	-Group-based disclosure produced more information than individual interviews among the sexually violated
Tran et al. (2021) [42]	Capacity training to strengthen healthcare providers’ capacity to provide safe abortion and post-abortion care services in humanitarian settings	Mixed methods: quantitative and qualitative research design	Congo DRC, Nigeria and Uganda	-Participants’ knowledge on uterine evacuation and other abortion care was improved
Williams et al. (2018) [43]	To identify existing social and economic vulnerabilities of female adolescents in refugee camps in Rwanda	Qualitative study using FGDs and KIIs	Rwanda	-The convergence of material deprivation, lack of economic opportunity and vulnerability led to transactional sex and exploitation within and around the camps
Woldetsadik et al. (2022) [44]	To understand women’s perceptions of and experiences with conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV), especially the health and social challenges they constitute	Qualitative research design with the adoption of in-depth interviews (IdIs) to elicit data	Northern Uganda	-All women interviewed reported having experienced one form of SV or another, like rape and forced marriage -Many of the women could not relate well with friends and neighbours because of stigmatisation associated with the aftermath of rape

Note: SV: Sexual violence; IPV: Intimate partner violence; NPSV: Non-partner sexual violence; Congo DRC: Democratic Republic of the Congo; FGD: Focus group discussion; IdI: In-depth interview; KII: Key in-depth interview; GBV: Gender-based violence; PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder; LMICs: Low- and middle-income countries; SVRP: Sexual violence-related pregnancy.