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The most frequent cardiac diseases in NS and RASopathies are valvular and supravalvular stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The syndromes and the related involved genes are listed in order of frequency. NS: Noonan syndrome; CFCS: cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome; CS: Costello syndrome; LOVOTO: left ventricular outflow obstruction; MV: mitral valve; NSML: Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines; PVS: pulmonary valve stenosis.
