Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of total cohort who had transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) performed while on invasive mechanical ventilation (TTE-IMV), before (TTE-bIMV), and after being on invasive mechanical ventilation (TTE-aIMV).
| N = 376 | Total Cohort (N = 376) |
TTE-IMV (N = 223) |
TTE-bIMV (N = 68) |
TTE-aIMV (N = 85) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | (n = 375) | (n = 223) | (n = 67) | (n = 85) |
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 65 (56–74) | 65 (55–74) | 71 (57–76) | 63 (57–74) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 200 (53.2) | 121 (54.3) | 39 (57.4) | 40 (47.1) |
| Documented smoking history | (n = 354) | (n = 201) | (n = 68) | (n = 85) |
| Yes | 230 (64.9) | 126 (62.7) | 51 (75.0) | 53 (62.4) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 28.9 (24.3–35.6) | 29.7 (25.2–37.1) | 27.8 (22.9–35.3) | 28.2 (22.8–33.1) |
| Chronic lung disease * | ||||
| Chronic obstructive lung disease | 138 (36.7) | 71 (31.8) | 26 (38.2) | 41 (48.2) |
| Asthma | 28 (7.5) | 13 (5.8) | 6 (8.8) | 9 (10.6) |
| Interstitial lung disease | 10 (2.7) | 5 (2.2) | 1 (1.5) | 4 (4.7) |
| Cystic fibrosis | 1 (0.27) | 1 (0.45) | 0 (--) | 0 (--) |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 18 (4.8) | 12 (5.4) | 2 (2.9) | 4 (4.7) |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 51 (13.6) | 22 (9.9) | 12 (17.7) | 17 (20.0) |
| History of primary lung cancer | (n = 375) | (n = 222) | (n = 68) | (n = 85) |
| Yes | 19 (5.1) | 9 (4.1) | 4 (5.9) | 6 (7.1) |
| Chronic cardiac disease *^ | 280 (74.5) | 159 (71.3) | 58 (85.3) | 63 (74.1) |
| Chronic renal disease *# | 47 (12.5) | 32 (14.4) | 7 (10.3) | 8 (9.4) |
| Shock requiring pressor support | 249 (66.2) | 162 (72.7) | 44 (64.7) | 43 (50.6) |
| Number of pressors used | (n = 249) | (n = 162) | (n = 44) | (n = 43) |
| 1 | 125 (50.2) | 73 (45.1) | 21 (47.7) | 31 (72.1) |
| 2 | 84 (33.7) | 58 (35.8) | 16 (36.4) | 10 (23.3) |
| 3 | 40 (16.1) | 31 (19.1) | 7 (15.9) | 2 (4.7) |
| Inotropes | (n = 375) | (n = 223) | (n = 68) | (n = 84) |
| Yes | 18 (4.8) | 11 (4.9) | 5 (7.4) | 2 (2.4) |
| Total APACHE II score | (n = 364) | (n = 223) | (n = 64) | (n = 77) |
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 18 (12–24) | 22 (17–27) | 13.5 (10–19) | 11 (6–15) |
| Etiology of acute respiratory failure | (n = 375) | (n = 222) | (n = 68) | (n = 85) |
| Pneumonia | 120 (32.0) | 82 (36.9) | 19 (27.9) | 19 (22.4) |
| Pulmonary edema | 64 (17.1) | 34 (15.3) | 17 (25.0) | 13 (15.3) |
| Cardiac arrest | 60 (16.0) | 46 (20.7) | 2 (2.9) | 12 (14.1) |
| Aspiration | 54 (14.4) | 29 (13.1) | 15 (22.1) | 10 (11.8) |
| Acute exacerbation COPD | 24 (6.4) | 6 (2.7) | 3 (4.4) | 15 (17.7) |
| Encephalopathy | 15 (4.0) | 5 (2.3) | 4 (5.9) | 6 (7.1) |
| Other | 38 (10.1) | 20 (9.0) | 8 (11.8) | 10 (11.8) |
| ARDS diagnosed | (n = 369) | (n = 223) | (n = 62) | (n = 84) |
| Yes | 37 (10.0) | 21 (9.4) | 10 (16.1) | 6 (7.1) |
Categorical data are N (%). * checked all that applied for a given patient; does not sum to 100%. ^ includes ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, chronic arrhythmias, or chronic pericarditis. # includes > stage III or chronic hemodialysis.