Table 4.

Comparisons of immunoregulatory cytokines between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and healthy controls.

Type of Cytokines	Healthy Controls (n = 40) (Mean ± S.D. and Ranges or Mean and Ranges)	RA Patients (n = 50) (Mean ± S.D. and Ranges)	p-Values
IL-9	42.57 ± 59.09 pg/mL (0–194.16)	55.32 ± 97.37 pg/mL (0–446.44)	0.025
IL-27	3259.65 ± 2386.71 pg/mL (975.16–8704.21)	* 3692.88 ± 3725.70 pg/mL (880.75–15,929.04)	0.034
IL-35	83.51 ± 115.71 pg/mL (0–328.75)	* 869.33 ± 1472.40 pg/mL (0–7426.85)	0.009
IL-4	<31.1 pg/mL	33.56 ± 72.40 pg/mL (0–427.32)
IL-5	<3.9 pg/mL	11.02 ± 42.24 pg/mL (0–268.92)
IL-10	<7.8 pg/mL	252.37 ± 1011.63 pg/mL (0–7204.82)
IL-13	0 (non-detectable)	604.86 ± 1004.64 pg/mL (102.01–6992.33)
TGF-β1	1165 pg/mL (903–1654)	67.49 ± 29.71 pg/mL (17.52–166.55)
sTNF-R1	914 pg/mL (484–1407)	516.02 ± 258.30 pg/mL (49.67–1336.79)
sTNF-R2	1500 pg/mL (829–2262)	972.47 ± 426.35 pg/mL (109.76–1697.60)

All cytokine data were examined in human plasma. IL-9, IL-27, and IL-35 in healthy controls were examined in this study. Other cytokine data in healthy controls (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β1, sTNF-R1, and sTNF-R2) were taken from the manufacturer’s data sheets of R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA. * IL-27 and IL-35 data in RA patients were calculated from 147 visits. Comparisons were performed by Mann–Whitney U test.