4E-BP1	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1.
AGEs	glycation end-products.
AMPK	AMP-kinase.
AS160 (TBC1D4)	Akt substrate of 160 kDa.
ASK1	apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1.
ATF4	activating transcription factor 4.
ATF6	activating transcription factor-6.
ATF6f	activating transcription factor-6 cytosolic fragment.
Bad	BCL2-antagonist of cell death.
BiP	immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein.
BMI	body mass index.
CCs and CXCs	chemokines.
CHOP	C/EBP homologous protein.
CREB	cAMP-responsive element-binding protein.
CSFs	colony-stimulating factors.
CVD	cardiovascular disease.
DHA	docosahexaenoic acid.
DPP-4	dipeptidyl-peptidase 4.
eIF2B	eukaryotic initiation factor 2B.
eIF2α	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α.
EPA	eicosapentaenoic acid.
ER stress	endoplasmic reticulum stress.
ERAD	endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation.
FFA	fatty acid.
FOXOs	forkhead transcription factors.
GADD153	growth-arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein.
GAP	GTPase-activating protein.
GCs	glucocorticoids.
GEF	guanine exchange factor.
GFs	growth factors.
GH	growth hormone.
GK	glucokinase.
GLP	glucagon-like peptide.
GLUT4	glucose transporter 4.
GRB2	growth factor receptor-bound protein 2.
GRP78	78 kDa glucose-regulated protein.
GS	glycogen synthase.
GSK3	glycogen synthase kinase 3.
HDL-C	high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
HOMA-IR	homeostasis model assessment of IR.
IFNs	interferons.
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor 1.
IGF-2	insulin-like growth factor 2.
IKKβ	inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta.
IL-6	interleukin-6.
IR	insulin resistance.
IRE1	inositol requiring enzyme 1.
IRS	insulin receptor substrate.
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase.
LDL-C	low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
MAPK	mitogen activated protein kinase.
MCP-1	monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.
MetS	metabolic syndrome.
MIP-1	macrophage inflammatory protein 1.
MnSOD	manganese superoxide dismutase
mTORC1	mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1.
MyD88	myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88.
NFκB	nuclear factor κB.
NO	nitrogen–monoxide.
OGTT	oral glucose tolerance test.
PDK-1	phosphatidyl-inositol dependent kinase 1.
PEPCK	phospho-enol-pyruvate carboxykinase
PERK	PKR-like eukaryotic initiation factor 2α kinase
PGC-1α	proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α
PHLPPs	PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatases
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
PIP2	phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
PIP3	phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
PKB	protein kinase B.
PKC	protein kinase C.
PKCλ and PKCζ	PKC isomers.
PP2A	protein phosphatase 2A
PP2B	protein phosphatase 2B
PPARα and γ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and γ.
PTEN	phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten
PTP1B	protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
PUFA	polyunsaturated fatty acids
RAC1	Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1.
ROS	reactive oxygen species
S1P/S2P	site-1 protease/ site-2 protease
S6K1	S6 kinase.
SCA	sterol cleavage protein
SELENOP/SELENOS	selenoprotein P/selenoprotein S.
Ser/Thr	serine/threonine
SGLT2	sodium–glucose co-transporter-2
SHIP1/SHIP2	SH2 domain containing inositol 5’phosphatase 1 and 2.
SIRT1	sirtuin 1
SNP	single nucleotide polymorphism
SOCS1/3	suppressor of cytokine signaling 1/3
SOS	son of sevenless
SRE	sterol regulatory element
SREBP	sterol regulatory binding proteins
T1DM	Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
T2DM	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
TBC1D1	AS160 paralog.
TGs	triglycerides
TSC1/TSC2	tuberous sclerosis complex 1 and 2
UPR	unfolded protein response
VLDL	very-low-density lipoprotein
XBP1	X-box binding protein-1
Y	tyrosine