Table 2.

Drugs positively influence the development of T2DM/IR. T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus, IR: insulin resistance.

Drugs	Physiological and Cellular Effect(s) on T2DM/IR	Cellular and Molecular Target(s)	Reference Number
Biguanides    Metformin	Improved IR, decreased inflammation	AMPK and AMPK-independent mechanisms	[104,207,208,209]
DPP-4 inhibitors	Increased insulin secretion	β-cells in pancreas	[208,210]
GLP-1 receptor agonists    Liraglutid    Semaglutid	Improved insulin production and weight loss	β-cells in pancreas	[191,208]
Glucocorticoids	Peripheral IR, insulin secretion	PGC-1α	[92]
Glucokinase activators	Glucose-6-phosphate production, subsequent insulin release	Glucose	[211]
α-glucosidases inhibitors	Inhibit breakdown of carbohydrates in small intestine	Alpha-glucosidase enzymes in small intestine	[208]
Glimins    Imeglimin	Increased mitochondrial function, increased insulin secretion, reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis, increased glucose uptake in muscle	Mitochondria, ROS β-cells in pancreas AMPK	[212]
SGLT2 inhibitor    Dapagliflozin	Decreased oxidative stress and inflammation, increased insulin sensitivity	SIRT1/AMPK/PGC1α/FOXO1 axis	[208,213]
Sulfonylureas    Glimepiride    Glycosylated sul    fonylurea	Improved insulin production Improved insulin sensitivity	β-cells in pancreas IRS–PI3K–PKC–AKT–GLUT4	[207] [214]
Thiazolidinediones	Improved insulin resistance, decreased inflammation	AMPK	[104]