Table 1.

Common diagnostic methods used for the detection of CDV.

Diagnostic Method	Detection Method	Type of Diagnostic Method	Target	Notes on the Test	Reference
MDCK, MV1 Lu, cells Vero-SLAM B95a	Virus isolation	Cell culture	Virus	Gold-standard test, but currently infrequently used	[57]
Direct ELISA	Antigen detection	Serological	CDV antigen	Detects antigen in serum	[58]
Sandwich ELISA	Antigen detection	Serological	Protein H antigen	High specificity Detection and quantification	[59]
			Protein F antigen	Efficient in field application with fecal and serum samples	[60]
Sandwich dot ELISA	Antigen detection	Serological	Virus	Rapid test, used in epidemiological surveillance	[61]
LFA	Antigen detection	Serological	Protein F antigen	Rapid test	[62]
Immunofluorescence	Detection of fluorescently labeled antibodies	Immunofluorescence	Protein F/H antigen	Laborious test, a fluorescence microscope is needed, highly sensitive and specific	[40]
RT-PCR	RNA detection	Genomic	Gen N	Standard laboratory test, currently the most used	[63]
One-step nested RT-PCR	Antigen detection	Genomic	Gen N	100 times greater sensitivity than RT-PCR and nested PCR	[38]
Double-step real-time RT-PCR	RNA detection	Genomic	Gen N	Highly sensitive and specific Quantify the viral load in clinical samples	[7]
One-step real-time RT-PCR	RNA detection	Genomic	Gen N	Allows the study of viral replication and the kinetics of the viral load of viral RNA in infection	[64]
RT-LAMP assay	RNA detection	Genomic	Gen H	100 times more sensitive than RT-PCR Only 1 h of reaction	[65]
RT-qPCR	RNA detection	Genomic	Protein M gene and MF intergenic region	Uses the TaqMan probe based on the CDV-N and P genes and is highly sensitive and specific compared to other tests	[66]
RT-PCR-RFLP	RNA detection plus restriction enzymes	Genomic	N gene amplification plus BamHI Restriction enzyme (RE) digestion Gen N amplification plus enzyme digestion using MspI	It results in a different number of fragments in both strains	[67]
ELISA	Detection of specific antibodies against the virus	Serological	Antibody IgG	Detect within 6 days of infection	[68]
Dot blot assay	Detection of specific antibodies against the virus	Serological	N protein-specific IgM	Detect recent infections	[69]
Capture sandwich ELISA	Detection of specific antibodies against the virus	Serological	N protein-specific IgG and IgM antibody	No cross-reactivity with other morbilliviruses	[70]

Abbreviations: BamHI: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HI restriction enzyme. IgG: Immunoglobulin G type. IgM: Immunoglobulin M type. LFA: Lateral flow assays. MDCK: Madin–Darby canine kidney. MspI: Isoschizomer of HpaII restriction enzyme. MV1 Lu: Mink lung epithelial cell line. qPCR: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RT-LAMP: Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. RT-PCR-RFLP: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. RT-PCR: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Vero-SLAM: Cells from kidney of an African green monkey encoding the human signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM).